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Baleghizadeh, S., & Mortazavi, M. (2014). The impact of different types of journaling techniques on EFL learners’ self-efficacy. PROFILE Issues on teachers’ professional development, 16(1), 77-88.

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191-215.

Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman [Ed.], Encyclopedia of mental health, San Diego: Academic Press, 1998.

Buchanan, J. (2016). Albert Bandura: Self-efficacy for agentic positive psychology. 28 July.

Lemme, B. (2006). Development in adulthood (4 th edition). Boston: Pearson/A&B.

Merriam, B., Caffarella, R., Baumgartner, L. (2007). Learning in adulthood, a comprehensive guide (3 rd edition). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

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1. Technology is my Achilles heel
2. Preschooler's Padlet
3. Length of time
4. Material covered
5. Why did I dare?????

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A.Young adulthood:
*lasting relationships *careers
*parenthood
B. Middle adulthood:
*stability is nonexistent
*comparison with younger competitors
*marital status changes
C. Older adulthood:
*biological changes - decline
*Intellectual capacities - increase with practice
*Social circles

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A. Attribution
B. Relaxation, Biofeedback
C. Symbolic desensitization
D. Symbolic exposure

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A. Suggestion
B. Exhortation
C. Self-instruction
D. Interpretive treatments
(Bandura, 1997)

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3. BANDURA'S MODEL OF SELF-EFFICACY INFLUENCES

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3. BANDURA'S MODEL OF SELF-EFFICACY INFLUENCES

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Bandura's model shows that there are three influences on self-efficacy: behavioral, social, and environmental. All three play an important role in an individual's self-efficacy beliefs.

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Banduras Triadic Reciprocal Causation Model.jpg

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A. Live modeling
B Symbolic modeling
(Bandura, 1997)

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2. ALBERT BANDURA - SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

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2. ALBERT BANDURA - SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

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Albert Bandura utilizes a social cognitive approach to theory. He believes that “cognitive processes play a prominent role in the acquisition and retention of new behavior patterns” (Bandura, 1977), and that much human behavior is developed through observing others and then modeling those behaviors (Bandura, 1977).

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A. Participant Modeling
B. Performance Desensitization
C. Performance Exposure
D. Self-instructed Performance
(Bandura, 1997)

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1.       Performance accomplishments

2.       Vicarious experience

3.       Verbal persuasion

4.       Emotional arousal

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*      Affective processes: the processes that regulate emotional states and evoking of emotions

*    Cognitive processes: thinking processes that allow one to learn, organize, and use information

*    Motivation: that which/or degree to which one is driven to act and for how long one will continue to persevere

*    Self-regulation: exercising influence “over one’s own motivation, thought processes, emotional states and patterns of behavior” (Bandura, 1994, p. 1).

*      Self-concept: One’s knowledge and beliefs about oneself, self-schema (Lemme, p. 84)

*    Self-esteem: One’s evaluation, opinion, and feelings of oneself along a positive-negative continuum.

*   Self-efficacy: People’s beliefs about their abilities to “produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives” (Bandura, 1994, p. 1). This, like self-esteem, also runs along a positive-negative continuum. It is also ever-changing, depending on situation (flat tire vs. ripped pants), group (yoga vs. book club), participants (friends vs. classmates), etc. We are complex human beings, and rate ourselves differently depending on many variable.