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Social
Scattered groups used smoke 
    signals to communicate
Traveled in bands of 30-40 people
Nomadic between the mainland and barrier island because they were poorly equipped
Traveled back and forth to islands in rickety dugout canoes
Practiced ceremonial cannibalism of enemies
Conflicts with colonists led to extinction

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Political
Each band led by an elected chief 
Warriors elected a war chief for each campaign
Economic
Hunted buffalo, elk and bear
Collected wild plants, but did not farm
Geographic
Central Plains and Great Plains regions

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Political
Family bands loosely organized under a chief
Chief proved himself by age, skill, and wisdom
Economic
Hunted buffalo, deer, and wild turkeys
Small gardens used to trade
Geographic
Great Plains
Social
Tepees made of buffalo hides 
clothes too
Fierce warriors

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Political
Family bands loosely organized under a chief
Chief proved himself by age, skill, and wisdom
Economic
Hunted buffalo, deer, and wild turkeys
Small gardens used to trade
Geographic
Great Plains and some in Mountains and Basins of west Texas
Social
Tepees and some lived in lodges
clothes of buffalo & deer
Superstitious

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Apache

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Political
Led by a chief who also served as a medicine man
Chief settled problems
Chief advised by a governor, war chief, and four captains
Economic
Farmed vegetables
Hunted small game
Geographic
El Paso area

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Geographic
Northeast Texas (around 
the Red River), Oklahoma, Louisiana
Social
Traced family line through the mother (matriarchal)
Tejas confederacy is where we got our state’s name, which means “those who are friends”
Beehive grass huts
Ceremonies and rituals included giant burial mounds and spiritual temples

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Political
Led by an inherited chief (caddi) 
Made political decisions such as when to go to war or share ceremonial peace pipe
Kin-based groups or bands organized into confederacies
Councils
Economic
Farm, tanners, and trade

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Political
Small bands that moved loosely to find food
No overall chief
Economic
Fish, hunters and gatherers, trade
Geographic
East Texas, West Louisiana
Social
Lived in small lodges made out of grass and reeds
Oyster legend: man said to have been cast up from sea in an oyster shell
European diseases led to extinction

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Social
Runners
Nomadic
Women worked a lot because men were constantly in search of food
Huts made out of mud, animal skins and brush
Became extinct at an early date

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Political:
One big tribe was broken up 
    into small nomadic tribes
Shaman as their medical 
    and spiritual leader
Economic
Hunt and forage
Geographic
Gulf Coast, Southern Texas, Northern Mexico
One of the poorest regions

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Political
Each small band led by a chief
Economic
Used dugout canoes to fish
traded and hunted small game
Geographic
Gulf coast

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Karankawa