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ETLV Première séquence 1 (1 séance) : introduction à l’ETLV
Présentation des attendus et activités interactives d’introduction à l’ETLV

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Student climate champions around the world

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Student climate champions around the world

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When Greta Thunberg sat outside the Swedish Parliament for three weeks in 2018, she could hardly have predicted the scale of the global movement she would spark.

But, with young people standing to lose most from climate change, it is no longer surprising that they are on the front line of efforts to prevent environmental catastrophe.

The FT recently led a callout for examples of how students, teachers and schools around the world are tackling the climate threat.

We wanted to hear how students are adapting their lifestyles, working in their communities, creating new organisations, or mobilising others. We also asked teachers and schools to tell us how they are changing teaching, to educate young people on the latest science and support them to make a difference.

We worked with environmental and education partners including the Climate Action Project, Earthday, WWF, Unesco, Ashden and Camfed to identify innovations with wider potential impact.

This global sample of inspiring activists shows a diverse range of approaches: from a campaign to save an elephant from captivity in India, to students in Portugal creating solar energy devices from everyday waste.

Students
Nikita Dhawan, Delhi, India
While interning at Delhi zoo, 16-year-old Nikita Dhawan took up the cause of Shankar, an elephant held in isolation for more than 23 years.

She launched a petition and sent letters to the government demanding Shankar's release and rehabilitation, gaining the support of international animal charities and news organisations. "I was determined to highlight Shankar's plight, fight for his freedom and become a fervent advocate for all captive elephants," she says.

Sangita Iyer, a biologist and film-maker supporting Dhawan, explains that, by eating plants and dropping dung, elephants transfer seeds that germinate forests, and trample smaller trees to allow larger trees that capture carbon. "Elephants are natural climate mitigators," she says.
Lily Ray, Kent, England
Lily Ray, 16, has spent a lot of time rooting through utility bills in the past year. As a member of the Queen Elizabeth's School in Kent's EcoQuEST environment research group, she used the documents to research its carbon footprint and calculate its total emissions, which worked out at 0.56 tonnes per person per year.

Her work is part of a bigger project to make the school carbon neutral. Ray has lobbied the school's leadership, created leaflets and run assemblies for students. "Her confidence has grown so much," says teacher James Perkins.

Ray also used a thermal camera to demonstrate that older buildings were much less thermally efficient than newer ones.

These findings will now influence policy: the school is working to install electric vehicle charging stations and improve insulation and offset emissions.
Textbook Project, Berlin, Germany
At the Private Kant School in Berlin, final year students Leonie Brockman and Alina Runk were fed up with reading in their textbooks that changing lightbulbs and recycling could solve climate change.

They knew bolder moves were needed and carried out a research project into climate education, assessing textbooks around the world, which they found featured mostly low-impact solutions rather than those featured in peer-reviewed science.

The girls, aged 17 and 18 at the time, presented the results at the 2018 UN climate change conference in Katowice, pushing for a change in school curricula to better reflect the reality of a warming planet. So far, leaders have failed to implement changes. The girls have shifted their focus to lobbying textbook publishers directly.
Charlotte Appleton-Pilbeam, Exeter, England
After joining the Fridays for Future climate strike, 17 year-old Charlotte Appleton-Pilbeam began campaigning for her school, Colyton Grammar in Exeter, to cut its carbon footprint.

Working with school trustees, leaders and prefects, and with a 13 point plan, she has already made an impact. The school is now installing recycled water systems, offering daily vegetarian and vegan meals, and purchasing an electric minibus. It has also stopped selling single use plastic bottles. In addition, Appleton-Pilbeam has led her school in planting a wild flower meadow and installing five beehives. "When I leave school, I will be leaving a legacy of positive climate action," she says.

"Her aim is to do stuff that people can engage with," says Miles Smith, assistant head. "She's made that successful transition from being a vocal critic to being proactive."
Water From Air, EMIS Tel Aviv, Israel

More than 2.5bn people lack access to clean drinking water. And the impact of burning fossil fuels and climate change means droughts are likely to become worse. However, students at Eastern Mediterranean International School in Tel Aviv have come up with a response: extracting water from air while producing electricity.

While experimenting with devices that convert moisture in the air into drinkable water, they realised that the heat generated from the process could be used for power.

The result is a solar-powered and sustainable device that has the potential to extract water from air, using the resulting heat to drive a generator, which could be used by local farmers for irrigation.

The students were awarded the $100,000 Zayed Sustainability prize for the best entry from the Middle East and north Africa in high schools.

"Our students come here already wanting to do something to help the world," teacher Bob Roach says. "That's just what they've been able to do."

Teachers and schools
Tabanca Solar Project, Gondomar, Portugal
A lack of clean energy sources has created serious problems in Guinea Bissau in West Africa.

Many students in the country face injury cooking over wood fires, with many also living in dark homes. So, while on a placement at the Escola Secundária de Gondomar in Portugal, Bissau-Guinean students, along with their new Portuguese classmates, decided to act.

For the Tabanca Solar Project, the students designed easily constructed renewable energy devices from everyday waste. These include a solar lamp that refracts light through bottles of water, storing energy to power lights at night, solar dehydrators, and ovens to cook food.

Teacher Ines Rodrigues says the students lead the project: "We challenge them to be creative and come up with solutions."

She has set up a non-governmental organisation, EducAfrica, to better distribute technology and teaching to those who need it. The project has now expanded to some 200 teachers from villages in Africa.
Green School, Bali, Indonesia
The environmental commitment of the Green School, a progressive, international school in Bali, is demonstrated in its building.

The school's 350 students study in bamboo buildings on a campus that runs on renewable energy and has permaculture gardens. Students and staff have built solar panels and an on-campus vortex that produces hydroelectric energy. The school bus runs on biofuel made from used cooking oil.

Sal Gordon, the principal, is an advocate for green, holistic education and the school has trained nearly 700 teachers from more than 50 countries on its nature-based curriculum.

"We believe education needs to play an important role in how we create the future," Gordon wrote in a blog at the end of last year.
Retrofit Action for Tomorrow, London, England
After renovating his own home with a low-energy Passivhaus retrofit in 2019, London architect Harry Paticas is bringing his skills to schools with Retrofit Action for Tomorrow, a social enterprise supporting sustainable renovations.

After a year the initiative has worked with five schools on retrofit planning and building, which could reduce energy use by 90 per cent, cutting heating bills and emissions.

RAFT also teaches children about insulation. Workshops include a "baked potato challenge", where children are given natural insulation materials to keep the potato hot for as long as possible. They then connect those lessons to their school building projects.

"We're working in a school environment and learning and sharing as you go along," Paticas says.

The project is now looking to retrofit five schools in every London borough.
Roedean School, Johannesburg, South Africa

"I don't think school curricula have changed enough to highlight the urgency of climate change," says Marj Brown, who teaches history at the Roedean School. But she has found that Model United Nations, an educational simulation of how the UN works, is an opportunity for students to think and act.

Through a partnership with a local university, students work with local government and other officials to ensure that the voices of young people are represented in climate policy.

At school, students costed solar energy as part of an EU project, challenging the school board to take action on using renewables. Their lobbying efforts mean any new buildings in the school will now be fitted with solar panels.

"It really is important for them to see they are change-makers," Brown says. "This is what education should be - it's not theory, it's leading them into the real world."
Green Bronx Machine, New York, US
Stephen Ritz says the premise of the Green Bronx Machine project he founded is simple: "We grow vegetables."

Created as an after school club five years ago, promoting healthy living options for children, the initiative is now an indoor gardening curriculum that reaches 50,000 students across the US.

By growing vegetables using indoor systems and project-based learning, students learn where food comes from, improve their health, and develop self-sufficiency.

"[It] is really exciting for kids - you put a tiny seed in their hand and say in 40 days you're going to have something you can eat and sell," Ritz says.

Climate Capital

Where climate change meets business, markets and politics. Explore the FT's coverage here.

Are you curious about the FT's environmental sustainability commitments? Find out more about our science-based targets here

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Student climate champions around the world

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FT callout highlights how students, teachers and schools are taking action

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As we use technology on a daily basis, it can even help us to make our lives easier. Even though most of the focus is on improvements in electronics like phones and tablets, there are other inventions that can have a greater impact.

From small emergencies, such as power outages and situations that require running repairs, to major life-threatening events. But what sort of gadgets come in handy when you get yourself into a thorny situation?

From a handy defibrillator that helps during a sudden cardiac arrest to an all in all multipurpose tool, Wingman, here are some examples of innovative, life-saving tech gadgets that can add to your important day.

1. SIREN Ring:

Most of us have eons ago learned the basics of personal safety including "stay alert" and "stick to busier neighborhoods if you can". However, sometimes alarming situations are unavoidable. What can you do to stay safe? Probably, a tech-assisted safety ring can be a good way to feel shielded and entrusted.

A New York-based company, SIREN, has changed the idea of personal safety by integrating a powerful and smart technology into a fashion accessory. With equal attention to pattern and purpose, style and strength, SIREN is about protecting the women who wear it.

SIREN is a stylish and sophisticated ring which conceals a miniature patented technology. When activated, it emits a shockingly loud alarm. In other words, SIREN allows women with critical seconds and possibly prevent the escalation of an attack.

SIREN makes a frightful, intolerable loud alarm (exceeding 110 decibels) which can be activated in less than 2 seconds when positioned close to the ear. While the alarm is audible from more than 50 feet away, SIREN is specifically designed to prevent a close and hostile threat. But not to alert distant assistance.

To activate SIREN, the wearer needs to simply twist the top of the ring 60 degrees counterclockwise (left). Twist the top locks firmly into position until it can no longer rotate. If uninterrupted, the ring will enter alarm mode, generating a piercing sound in close proximity for a programmed duration. However, the duration is only disclosed to the wearer.

Moreover, the wearer can cancel the process by rotating clockwise until it clicks back into the "off" position. However, this must be done immediately during the delay time of 1.5 seconds. It is available in different colors from $199.99.

You never know when you might be gasping for a drink. Perhaps save this one for emergencies, as it might help you quench your thirst even from a dirty river. With no chemicals, no batteries, no electrical power, and no moving parts, the LifeStraw is an appliance that no adventurer can go without.

The LifeStraw is a lightweight, portable water purification system, which lets you drink directly from streams and lakes or any container. The LifeStraw removes almost all the waterborne bacteria, including E. coli and salmonella and waterborne protozoa, including Giardia and Cryptosporidium.

However, the LifeStraw will not remove chemicals, saltwater, heavy metals, and viruses.

Moreover, under freezing temperatures, water inside can freeze and crack the filter. For filtering viruses, you can opt for the LifeStraw Mission and LifeStraw Family 1.0.

By using advanced hollow fiber membrane technology, it filters up to 264 gallons or 1,000 liters of water to 0.2 microns. Be it hiking, backpacking, camping, travel, or emergency preparedness, the LifeStraw is an ideal device to have.

Weighing only 2 ounces (57 grams) and only 9" (22.5 cm) long, the LifeStraw meets US EPA drinking water standards. Moreover, the LifeStraw's raw materials meet US Food and Drug Administration regulations and standards. The personal water filter starts at $19.95.

Carrying an external battery is not always comfortable given the size and the space it takes in our pockets or purses. However, the Maze Exclusive Wristband power bank Battery Charger curbs this pain point. Now you can charge your phone on the go.

The Maze Exclusive Wristband power bank Battery Charger is a wearable and an upscale bracelet for any outfit. This unique design wraps around the user's wrist, with a mini USB (or Apple Lightning) plug on one end slotting into the bracelet.

Source: Maze/Amazon

With a capacity of 3000mAh, this works with any phone model, from Apple iPhones to Samsung Galaxy, to Nokia Lumia and much more. Moreover, it's water-resistant and has an IPX4 water-resistant rating. The user can adjust the wristband to wrap around the wrist conveniently.

In addition, the band is geared up with 4 LED indicators which indicate the user when a phone is fully charged. Also, the LED indicates when you should recharge the wristband. It's available on Amazon and Maze Exclusive.

Imagine you have to take out a $10 bill out of your mighty dark wallet full of bills. Largely unknown, every year billions of dollars get lost due to accidental slippage of bills from wallets.

How about a bright idea to carry in your wallet? Credit card light bulbs are tiny lights that fit into your wallet. Though the unusual card looks like a flat incandescent lamp, the bulb lights up as you push it vertically. Moreover, the rest of the card serves as a stand.

This unique design weighs only 0.8 ounces and is powered by 1 x CR1216 battery. It is handy to use on a daily basis, as well as while traveling. This incandescent bulb can produce 1 watt of the LED light. You can buy it on Amazon, eBay, ThinkGeek.

Be it a maintenance or home improvement or a DIY or camping or hiking, the Leatherman Wingman is your go-to tool. Wingman is a lightweight, pocket-sized, stainless steel multi-tool.

The Wingman features a one-hand opening blade and newly-designed spring-action jaws. The Wingman comes with 14 different tools including - Spring-action Needlenose Pliers, Spring-action Regular Pliers, Spring-action Wire Cutters, Wire Stripper, 420HC Combo Knife, Spring-action, Scissors, Package Opener, Ruler, Can Opener, Bottle Opener, Wood/Metal File, Phillips Screwdriver, Medium Screwdriver, and Small Screwdriver.

As the Wingman comes with a locking blade feature, it allows for much safer user experience. In addition, a removable clip allows the user to attach the tool to a pocket or a belt loop without the use of a sheath. Mimicking the functionality of a pocket knife, this multi-tool is even accessible in its folded or closed position.

With a closed length of 3.8 inches (9.7 cm) and a blade length of 2.6 inches (6.6 cm), the Wingman weighs only 7 oz (198.4g). Additionally, the tool is covered by a 25-year warranty from Leatherman. Other products like Sidekick, Micra, Wave also offer more sophisticated features. The multi-tool is available on Amazon, Leatherman.

A perfect backpack for photographers, travelers, and everyday explorers. Voltaic OffGrid Solar powered backpack will power your gadgets as long as there is daylight. Just charge your voltaic battery with the sunlight and use the USB port to keep your devices charged all the time.

The waterproof, lightweight and UV resistant backpack's fabric is made out of recycled PET (soda bottles). The bag comes with a padded laptop sleeve, a large main storage compartment and plenty of convenient storage for cables, adapters, and tablets.

It weighs 4.5 lbs (2.05 kg) including battery and solar panels. Also, the battery is protected from short circuit, overcharge, over-discharge, over-current, and over temperature.

The DSLRs and cameras that charge from USB can be easily charged with the OffGrid Solar Backpack. The USB port is also compatible with Apple, Android and Blackberry smartphones. In addition, all the tablets including Apple iPads and Samsung Tablets can be charged. However, it cannot be used for tablets that charge at 12 or 16 Volts.

The backpack needs to be under the Sun for 3 hours to charge a mobile, 4.5 hours to charge a DSLR, 6-11 hours to charge a tablet. It costs $199 and available in three different colors (Silver, charcoal, orange), you can order it here.

According to the Bureau of Transportation, every year around 500 deaths is estimated in the U.S. due to vehicle entrapment. The Resqme is one of the most convenient safety options in vehicles.

Resqme is a keychain car escape tool, to keep the user safe on the road. During an accident, this trademarked and patented tool breaks side windows and cuts jammed safety belts. With its compact, lightweight and powerful features, it is the most affordable and reliable car escape tool.

By attaching the Resqme tool with a detachable clip to the keychain, the user can pull the tool away from the clip during an emergency. If the seatbelt is blocked, just cut the belt by hooking the blade over and slicing it across. To break the window, press the black head of the tool against the corner of the window to release the spring-loaded spike and shatter the glass.

The Resqme tool is effective only against clear and tinted tempered glass, which are rear and side windows. On the other hand, the Resqme tool does not work on car windshields which are laminated glass.

No worries about the accidental deployment of the tool. Though you carry it in your bag or pocket or keychain, the Resqme tool will not accidentally open up. In order to release the spring-loaded spike, an intentional 12 pounds of force is needed. You can also place Resqme on the rearview mirror, sun visor or even on the headrest if you don't want to carry it as a keychain

Numerous public safety organizations tested the Resqme tool underwater and on land. Especially, the Florida Keys Community College Marine Public Safety Program ran meticulous tests underwater. Starting at $9.95, it is available in 9 different colors and combo packs. You can buy at Amazon.

You can turn fire into electricity using wood. Combining the benefits of a lightweight backpack and an off-grid charger, the BioLite Wood Burning CampStove can cook a meal while charging your gadgets. The Campstove is the perfect solution for both the campsite and also emergency preparedness kit.

Using BioLite's patented thermoelectric technology, the BioLite CampStove generates usable electricity for charging LED lights, mobile phones, and other personal gadgets.

Burning only wood, the CampStove creates a smokeless campfire that can cook meals and boil water in minutes. Especially, the scalloped pot stand triangulates pots and pans for stable cooking surface, as well as diverting flames away from the power pack. Moreover, the protective barrier keeps the CampStove cool to touch. Setup is easy, fuel is free, and flames are hyper-efficient with performance on par with white gas stoves.

With an easy installation and no fuel along with hyper-efficient flames, the performance is on par with gas stoves. All you need to do is collect twigs on your journey or in your backyard. Thereby this gadget eliminates the need for heavyweight, affluent, polluting petroleum gas.

Weighing only 2.06 lbs (33 oz), CampStove is a great source during a power shortage or in a storm or a natural disaster. It is also renewable biomass (twigs, pinecone, wood pellets) fuel dependent.

On an average, 20 minutes of charging provides 60 minutes of power. However, charging time varies with the gadget. The kit comprises of CampStove, stuff sack, instructions manual, USB cord and fire-lighter. You can order on BioLite and Amazon.
SEE ALSO: 30 FANTASTIC INVENTIONS TO IMPROVE YOUR LIFE
Like any other vital safety equipment, the Philips HeartStart Home Defibrillator was designed to be safe, steadfast and easy to use.

During a sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), the electrical system of the heart short circuits. This causes the heart to tremble rather than pump in a normal rhythm. Thereby resulting in the abnormal heart rhythm know as ventricular fibrillation (VF).

For the best chance of survival from SCA caused by VF, a defibrillator should be used within 5 minutes. Yet, less than 1 in 20 people can survive the attacks because a defibrillator does not arrive in time. Luckily, anyone can use this award-winning safety equipment to help save the life of a person who suffers a sudden cardiac arrest.

The HeartStart Home is easy to set up and includes automatic Life Guidance features like voice prompts and CPR coaching to help guide the user with a step-by-step treatment of SCA. The Philips HeartStart Home Defibrillator is the first and only defibrillator that is accessible without a prescription.

Using a state of art technology, HeartStart quickly decides whether a shock is necessary and walk you through the steps of CPR. The kit comprises of Philips HeartStart Home Defibrillator, a red carry case with 911/EMS card, an adult SMART Pads cartridge (lasts 2 years), a battery (lasts 4 years), training video, free discount coupons for CPR training at American Heart Association, American Red Cross or Medic First Aid and a 5-year warranty. It is available on Amazon and Philips.

Written by Alekhya Sai Punnamaraju
Interesting Engineering is a participant of the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program and various other affiliate programs, and as such there might be affiliate links to the products in this article. By clicking the links and shopping at partner sites, you do not only get the materials you need but also are supporting our website.

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9 Life-Saving Gadgets Everyone Should Know About

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As we use technology on a daily basis, it can even help us to make our lives easier. Even though most of the focus is on improvements in electronics like phones and tablets, there are other inventions that can have a greater impact.

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Those within the incident, the public, are the ones who can make the difference in saving life from severe bleeding
Steve Bray

"He is a quite remarkable man and SP Services is very proud indeed to have been chosen as the sole distributor to work with citizenAID to supply medical equipment to public organisations," said MD Steve Bray, who also supplies medical and humanitarian equipment to war zones and is a major supplier to the UKs National Health Service and Ministry of Defence. The brigadier said: "Experience has taught us there is a predictable delay between an attack taking place and professional help reaching the injured. This means those within the incident, the public, are the ones who can make the difference in saving life from severe bleeding. Its unique design allows the tourniquet to be quickly secured. As a low-cost alternative, there is a realistic opportunity to make this life saving skill more widely available and to empower a critical mass of the public and first responders."

The lightweight Tourni-Key is a 13cm long yellow plastic tool with a small hole at one end and a hook at the other. It enables the user to quickly apply pressure and stop profuse bleeding which can kill victims very quickly. Security guards, shopping mall staff, event stewards and other public event organisers can quickly learn how to use the device with a tie, scarf or triangular bandage to help save lives of people bleeding severely from a wound to the arms or legs after a deliberate attack.

In the US, a tourniquet saved the life of country music lover Daisy Bautista (39) who was caught up in the Las Vegas shooting in October last year. Controversy has surrounded its use in recent years with the belief that the injured can lose a limb if a tourniquet is applied wrongly by the untrained. But more than 200,000 US police officers were trained to use it after the mass murder of schoolchildren at Sandy Hook in 2012 and they are now commonly available in shopping malls and airports next to defibrillators.

Source: SP Services

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Lightweight tourniquets to save lives after a terrorist attack

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Those within the incident, the public, are the ones who can make the difference in saving life from severe bleeding Steve Bray "He is a quite remarkable man and SP Services is very proud indeed to have been chosen as the sole distributor to work with citizenAID to supply medical equipment to public organisations," said MD Steve Bray, who also supplies medical and humanitarian equipment to war zones and is a major supplier to the UKs National Health Service and Ministry of Defence.

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Reflecting to when the two major hurricanes, Harvey and Irma, struck and caused massive damages in the US, Caribbean and surrounding islands, no matter how prepared people think they are, nature seems to always be ahead.

Although today's technology advancement has made possible things that used to be considered as impossible, in the middle of a natural disaster, its limitation becomes obvious.

During a disaster, communication is vey limited. The usual ways of communication don't work in such situation, which leads people to look for a better alternative. Radio walkie-talkie is considered as the best communication tool for use during a natural disaster as it doesn't depend on cell network. But the thing is, not everyone has this specific device, thus the communication line is very limited. Thus, people look for another alternative of communication.

During the hurricane Harvey and Irma, people found out about the walkie-talkie app. It is a mobile app that enables people to use their smartphones to communicate like on a radio walkie-talkie. Many people downloaded the app as a preparation towards the upcoming hurricane.

Soon after the emergency situation was over, many people expressed their disappointment on the walkie-talkie app they downloaded since it didn't function as they expected. They expressed it through many ways, one of them was by leaving negative comments at the walkie-talkie app's Play Store as well as App Store

So, what happened actually? Did the walkie-talkie app fail to do its job? Or was it the people who had no idea of how a walkie-talkie app really works?

You can read the full article here. Also, if you have experiences in using any kind of communication tools during a natural disaster, you can share them by commenting below. Sharing is caring! :)

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What is The Most Effective Communication Tool for Use during Natural Disasters?

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Reflecting to when the two major hurricanes, Harvey and Irma, struck and caused massive damages in the US, Caribbean and surrounding islands, no matter how prepared people think they are, nature seems to always be ahead. Although today's technology advancement has made possible things that used to be considered as impossible, in the middle of a natural disaster, its limitation becomes obvious.

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Disasters can strike at any moment-are you prepared? Even with the number of COVID-19 communication tools at our disposal, many people didn't have a plan in place ahead of the Coronavirus pandemic.

Nobody wants to think about something terrible happening, but unfortunately well-wishing doesn't prevent catastrophic situations from occurring.

Whether it be a natural disaster, man-made disaster, or even a terrorist attack-you and your family need to be prepared for the worst so you can act quickly and decisively.

Preparation is essential to keeping your family safe during an emergency. There are two keys to being prepared for a disaster:
1. Have a pre-existing plan. 2. Have the right tools and devices to stay connected.
This guide will walk you through all the necessary steps to be adequately prepared and maintain communication during an emergency. We've also created a cheat sheet, so you can easily reference this information as you prepare your emergency plan.

One of the most important aspects of safely navigating a disaster scenario is communication.

Unfortunately, the standard communication channels are some of the first things to fail once catastrophe hits. There are a variety of reasons communication could be compromised, including:

Strong winds or flooding damage cables between cellular towers.

Seismic activity damages underground fiber-optic cables.

Heavy rain or snow cuts off wavelength signals to important wireless links.

Solar storms destroy cellular satellites.

Networks become congested and jammed.

Hackers disrupt or overload networks.

Any of these situations can make communication difficult.

Before disaster strikes, you need to have a firm, well-designed plan to avoid scrambling in the aftermath.

The time for planning is before a catastrophe happens, not during.

Take the following steps to ensure your family is prepared and safe in the event of an emergency.

Create an emergency plan for your family and loved ones.

Compile an emergency contact list of phone numbers.

Establish a calling tree so all the phone calls don't fall on one person.

Subscribe to local text message alerts.

Download helpful apps.

Purchase backup charging options and keep one landline around for emergency communications in case of a power outage.

We'll walk through each of these steps individually.

The first step in disaster preparedness is creating a family emergency plan.

You need to personalize your family plan to fit your unique family, but there are some basics that should be included:

1. Establish a rendezvous point - This could be your house or another secure location as long as everyone agrees on where it is.

2. Assign specific actions - Each family member should know which action they need to take in the event of an emergency (i.e. call/radio in, go home, or meet at the rendezvous point).

3. Create a clear hierarchy of communication channels - Make sure all family members know the communication plan in case one channel fails (e.g. cell phones > social media > email > phone booth > etc.).

4. Specify response times - Establish timelines for how long you family should wait until they head to the rendezvous point.

All disaster preparation starts with having an emergency plan.

You also need to create a contact list for emergency situations.

First and foremost, you need to include someone on this list who lives in a different part of the country. This is important because you want to have an emergency contact located outside the disaster zone in case it's affecting a wide area, so you can still reach someone and communicate any important information. Other relevant contacts to include on this list are:

Local police.

Local fire department and first responders.

Other relevant emergency services.

Children's school.

Power company.

Insurance company.

Family members.

Friends.

Colleagues.

Essentially this list should include anyone whose safety is important and those that could be helpful during an emergency.

Another important step to preparing for a disaster is to establish a calling tree.

Establishing a calling tree is another reason to have an out of town person on your emergency contact list. The idea of a calling tree is simple: everyone calls into one designated caller to check-in, and that person relays information to everybody else.

Along with designating this person, you should also set an agreed upon timeframe for everybody to check-in. Through periodic check-ins you can keep track of how everyone is doing and where they are via the designated caller.

This person should have a copy of your family emergency plan to track everybody's emergency response.

You want to gather as much information as possible when a disaster first strikes, especially since there's a good chance your regular forms of communication could fail.

One way to ensure you're getting updates as they happen is to subscribe to local text alerts. These alerts will notify you when something is happening in your community and continue to keep you updated on any new developments. Some potential options for text messaging alerts include:

Weather

Local government

Children's school district

Local law enforcement

Some of these options may not be available for your area, but it's worth considering during your preparations for a disaster response.

Applications can also be handy during an emergency.

In fact, there are several apps that are specifically designed for aiding you during a disaster scenario. Some apps worth downloading include:

Red Cross - Suite of apps for general emergencies, tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, wildfires, and floods.

FEMA - Receive alerts from the National Weather Service and locate open shelters.

ICE Standard Technologies - Provides emergency responders quick and easy access to your medical information.

Disaster Alert - This is a global, multi-hazard monitoring and alerting application.

Life360 - Allows you to create a personal network with family and friends to send messages and share locations.

Twitter - Message friends and family and update your status.

Facebook - Message friends and family and update status via Safety Check.

These apps can be lifesavers during an emergency, but expect network congestion. Keep some backup channels and phone lines available incase wifi or VoIP calling fails.

Apps and text alerts can be very helpful, but these tools are useless if your phone is dead.

To ensure your phone has power during an emergency you need to have plenty of backup charging options. Some potential options for charging your phone if the power goes out include:

Mobile charging bank - If you have a power bank fully charged it will be able to charge your phone once, but of course, will need power after that.

Car charger - You can use your car to charge your battery, but you'll want to make sure you don't kill your car battery.

Solar charger - Solar powered chargers are an option, but these chargers are usually used as supplemental chargers.

Hand-crank charger - These aren't sustainable for a lasting charge, but can give you a quick burst to make a short call or send a vital text.

Having a charge for your phone is critical, especially if it's your only means of communication. However, you shouldn't solely rely on your phone during a disaster.

Since your cell phone may not be a viable option in an emergency, you need to have backup way to communicate. For example, amateur radio service, multi-use radio service, or walkie-talkies. Save the visual below as a reminder of what needs to be done to prepare for a disaster and the pros and cons of each communication method.

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How to Communicate During a Disaster | GetVoIP

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Disasters can strike at any moment-are you prepared? Even with the number of COVID-19 communication tools at our disposal, many people didn't have a plan in place ahead of the Coronavirus pandemic. Nobody wants to think about something terrible happening, but unfortunately well-wishing doesn't prevent catastrophic situations from occurring.

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Comment & Analysis

Ahead of the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics next year, Carly Nettleford looks into some of the measures that have been taken by the organisers to make the Games more sustainable.

Energy efficiency is an important factor in reducing overall greenhouse gas emissions and, as such, it is slowly becoming the norm in future stadium design. There are revolutionary stadiums all over the world that have taken an eco-friendly approach in their architecture. One of the most talked about projects is Japan's National Stadium, which has been rebuilt for the Tokyo Olympics.

I am going to look at how this stadium was set to be the 'most eco-friendly Games yet'; organisers hope the event will emit no more than 2.93 million tonnes of CO2.

Tokyo was due to host the next Olympic and Paralympic Games this year; these have of course been postponed due to COVID-19. The stadium, which has a maximum capacity of 68,000 people, has some very interesting features. One of these are their use of robots to during the Olympic Games. They will be used for many things, including collecting equipment used in field events, such as the javelins, to speed up the processes inbetween events. They will also be used as robotic versions of their mascots, Miraitowa and Someity. In conjunction with Toyota. These mascots are 60 cm tall, have built in cameras with facial recognition and will be used to interact with children. These are just two examples of what the robots will be used for.

The Japanese government stated that the Games will be carbon neutral and will apply the UN's 17 sustainable development goals. The stadium also uses solar panels attached to the roof, that as well as powering the stadium, will power the watering of the plants and the greenery surrounding the stadium. The project's architect, Kengo Kuma stated that "the solar panels will be attached to the roof and visible to spectators as they are looking to make this environmental technology very visible as part of the design." He went on to say " We wanted to create something that captures the people's thoughts on the environment or the Earth at the time". With an event as large as the Olympics this was a great opportunity to inspire society to act.

There are many ways that the stadium and the wider games are eco-friendly. The use of recycled materials for many different resources is seen throughout the Games. Thirty percent of the material used for the Olympic torch material was made from recycled aluminium. Silver and bronze medals were also made from waste materials that would otherwise likely have ended up in landfill. The Torch will be lit using the Opening Ceremony cauldron by hydrogen, which allows offsetting carbon emissions. Of course, some of these measures will have only a small effect on reducing the environmental footprint of the Games, but they show the holistic approach to sustainability that is being taken by the organisers with a raft of measures, which are summarised in the ' Sustainability Pre-Games Report'.

For example, it was revealed that the athletes' beds in the Village will be made of a very strong cardboard, they will be recyclable once the Games are over. Many people were shocked by this, but the General Manager of the athletes' Takashi Kitajima stated that, "the beds can allow up to 440lbs (200kg) in weight and they are stronger than wooden beds,".

Other recyclable materials were used for the Olympic podiums, uniforms, and the plaza. Tokyo 2020 also vowed to reuse or recycle 65% of waste produced from the Games, including plastics, food, bottles, and containers. The Olympics/Paralympics are huge scale events, spread across 34 different venues, which they claim will be powered by 100% renewable energy. Additionally, 60% of the venues being used for the Games are existing ones which minimizes CO2 emissions from new venues. Any permanent venues that are being built must adhere to high environmental standards.

The Games have also worked with the metropolitan government to introduce a 'carbon offset programme'. Tokyo 2020 was amongst the first to join the UN ' Sports for Climate Action' initiative which supports the sporting community to achieve global climate change goals. There is a small remaining CO2 footprint; is usually unavoidable therefore they have implemented initiatives to reduce this as much as possible. An example of this is the city are offering subsidies for the use of home fuel cells. Also taking transportation into consideration, Tokyo 2020 has introduced fuel cell municipal buses, meaning that citizens can choose low-carbon public road transport, including the Metro. The stadium is also accessible to cyclists, making it easy to travel around the stadium by bike. They also aim to have a fleet of passenger cars that are fuel efficient. Again, in partnership with Toyota, they have stated that 90% of Olympic vehicles will be electrified. The use of plug in hybrids and hydrogen fuel cells will enable the CO2 emissions to be reduced. This initiative will help to promote the use of hydrogen powered vehicles.

It is clear to me that a lot of consideration has been made into how the Games can be as eco-friendly as possible. As we continue to see stadiums worldwide become more energy efficient, and with large scale events such as the Olympics showing initiative this gives us a great example of the direction we should be going in and the benchmark for all future stadium design.
IMechE is planning to publish a number of articles and reports on sports engineering in the run-up to the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics in 2021. If you would like to contribute in terms of writing a topical article or advising on the development of reports, please get in touch with our Engineering Policy Officer, Carly Nettleford.

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Sustainability in stadium design: Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics 2021

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Comment & Analysis Ahead of the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics next year, Carly Nettleford looks into some of the measures that have been taken by the organisers to make the Games more sustainable. Energy efficiency is an important factor in reducing overall greenhouse gas emissions and, as such, it is slowly becoming the norm in future stadium design.

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Une méthode tournée vers l'élève et accessible à des niveaux hétérogènes

Le manuel d'anglais Sky's the limit Première vous propose 12 séquences en lien avec les 8 axes du nouveau programme. Certaines séquences plus longues possèdent une double-page différenciation. Le manuel prépare efficacement aux épreuves du contrôle continue en proposant des pages méthodologie dédiées et des entraînements systématiques en contexte.

Retrouvez ci-dessous vos ressources gratuites à télécharger, indispensables à l'utilisation de la méthode en classe.

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Sky's the limit Anglais - Première, ressources gratuites à télécharger, guide pédagogique, audios élève | Éditions Bordas

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Une méthode tournée vers l'élève et accessible à des niveaux hétérogènes Le manuel d'anglais Sky's the limit Première vous propose 12 séquences en lien avec les 8 axes du nouveau programme. Certaines séquences plus longues possèdent une double-page différenciation. Le manuel prépare efficacement aux épreuves du contrôle continue en proposant des pages méthodologie dédiées et des entraînements systématiques en contexte.

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About the Paralympic Games

The Paralympic Games, featuring athletes with an impairment, take place shortly after every Olympic Games in the same host city. The Rio 2016 Paralympic Games featured 22 sports with 4,328 athletes from 159 nations and regions participating.

In order to participate in the Paralympic Games, athletes must meet strict standards set by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The level of athlete performance has continued to improve over the years and the number of qualified athletes has been steadily increasing. For example, in the Summer Games held in Athens, 448 Olympic records and 304 world records were set.

The history of the Paralympic Games

The history of the Paralympic Games dates back to 1948, when Sir Ludwig Guttmann, a physician working at a hospital in Stoke Mandeville, England, organised an archery competition involving World War II veterans with spinal cord injuries as part of their rehabilitation programme. In 1952 the event became an international competition, and from the 1960 Games in Rome they have been held in the same host country as the Olympic Games. Since the 1988 Games in Seoul, they have been held shortly after the Olympic Games using the same venues and facilities.

The parallel Olympic Games

Although the Paralympic Games were originally designed for rehabilitation purposes, the event has developed into an elite sports competition. Now athletes taking part in the Games represent, not only those needing the aid of wheelchairs, but a more diverse spectrum of impairments. As such, the term Paralympic Games is now interpreted to mean "parallel Olympic Games" or "the other Olympic Games".

Cooperative relationship with the Olympic Games

In the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games the IOC and IPC reached a basic agreement that the Paralympic Games will always take place shortly after the Olympic Games, reaffirming the cooperative relationship between the two organisations. The "parallel Olympic Games" lives up to its name and continues to develop.

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The Paralympic Games, featuring athletes with an impairment, take place shortly after every Olympic Games in the same host city. The Rio 2016 Paralympic Games featured 22 sports with 4,328 athletes from 159 nations and regions participating. In order to participate in the Paralympic Games, athletes must meet strict standards set by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

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This MIT Engineer Built His Own Bionic Leg

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The Mind-Controlled Bionic Arm With a Sense of Touch

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When reality catches up with science-fiction - Manuel numérique max Belin

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Avec le manuel numérique max, retrouvez votre manuel Belin Éducation et ses ressources numériques au sein d'une plateforme adaptée à votre usage et à ceux de vos élèves.

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In the TV series "The Six Million Dollar Man," scientists restore a crippled test pilot, who lost legs, one arm and an eye. They have the technology, so they rebuild Steve Austin and give him superhuman qualities. While this is total science fiction, modern robotics is inching ever closer to this vision in a field known as biomechatronics.

Biomechatronics is the merging of man with machine -- like the cyborg of science fiction. It is an interdisciplinary field encompassing biology, neurosciences, mechanics, electronics and robotics. Biomechatronic scientists attempt to make devices that interact with human muscle, skeleton, and nervous systems with the goals of assisting or enhancing human motor control that can be lost or impaired by trauma, disease or birth defects.

Consider what happens when you lift your foot to walk:

1. The motor center of your brain sends impulses to the muscles in your foot and leg. The appropriate muscles contract in the appropriate sequence to move and lift your foot.

2. Nerve cells in your foot sense the ground and feedback information to your brain to adjust the force, or the number of muscle groups required to walk across the surface. You don't apply the same force to walk on a wooden floor as you do to walk through snow or mud, for example.

3. Nerve cells in your leg muscle spindles sense the position of the floor and feedback information to the brain. You do not have to look at the floor to know where it is.

4. Once you raise your foot to take a step, your brain sends appropriate signals to the leg and foot muscles to set it down

This system has sensors (nerve cells, muscle spindles), actuators (muscles) and a controller (brain/spinal cord). In this article, we will find out how biomechatronic devices work using these components, explore the current progress of biomechatronics research and learn about the benefits of such devices.

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In the TV series "The Six Million Dollar Man," scientists restore a crippled test pilot who lost legs one arm and an eye. While this is total fiction, an emerging field known as biomechatronics is coming close to this vision.

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How This Paralympic Snowboarder Overcame Her Disability | Cosmopolitan

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a. For each box, select a title from the following list: places, competition, athletes, sports values, commitment, sports.

b. Add the words from the toolbox into the vocabulary boxes and add more words for each category.

Look at the picture.
a. Who are the characters? What strikes you?

b. Read the slogan. What do you understand?

c. What is the effect produced by this poster?

Team competition!

Select five words from the vocabulary boxes and write a short definition.

Switch the definitions with your classmates and guess the words.

Share your opinion to the world on disabled athletes.

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a. For each box, select a title from the following list: places, competition, athletes, sports values, commitment, sports. b. Add the words from the toolbox into the vocabulary boxes and add more words for each category. Look at the picture. a. Who are the characters? What strikes you? b.

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About the Paralympic Games

The Paralympic Games, featuring athletes with an impairment, take place shortly after every Olympic Games in the same host city. The Rio 2016 Paralympic Games featured 22 sports with 4,328 athletes from 159 nations and regions participating.

In order to participate in the Paralympic Games, athletes must meet strict standards set by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The level of athlete performance has continued to improve over the years and the number of qualified athletes has been steadily increasing. For example, in the Summer Games held in Athens, 448 Olympic records and 304 world records were set.

The history of the Paralympic Games

The history of the Paralympic Games dates back to 1948, when Sir Ludwig Guttmann, a physician working at a hospital in Stoke Mandeville, England, organised an archery competition involving World War II veterans with spinal cord injuries as part of their rehabilitation programme. In 1952 the event became an international competition, and from the 1960 Games in Rome they have been held in the same host country as the Olympic Games. Since the 1988 Games in Seoul, they have been held shortly after the Olympic Games using the same venues and facilities.

The parallel Olympic Games

Although the Paralympic Games were originally designed for rehabilitation purposes, the event has developed into an elite sports competition. Now athletes taking part in the Games represent, not only those needing the aid of wheelchairs, but a more diverse spectrum of impairments. As such, the term Paralympic Games is now interpreted to mean "parallel Olympic Games" or "the other Olympic Games".

Cooperative relationship with the Olympic Games

In the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games the IOC and IPC reached a basic agreement that the Paralympic Games will always take place shortly after the Olympic Games, reaffirming the cooperative relationship between the two organisations. The "parallel Olympic Games" lives up to its name and continues to develop.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Paralympic Games, featuring athletes with an impairment, take place shortly after every Olympic Games in the same host city. The Rio 2016 Paralympic Games featured 22 sports with 4,328 athletes from 159 nations and regions participating. In order to participate in the Paralympic Games, athletes must meet strict standards set by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).

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Any device used to secure running rails into chairs or baseplates or directly to sleepers, bearers or other rail supports. Rail fastenings keeps rails fastened to sleepers (transfer of forces), provides a proper slope of rail foot (1:20, 1:40) in the transverse plane, prevents the rail from longitudinal movement, damps noise and vibration coming from rails.
General Requirements for Rail Fastenings
Rail fastenings shall:

1. hold rails securely in the rail seat.

2. limit the rotation of the rail about the outer edges of the rail foot.

3. minimise longitudinal movement of rails through creep and thermal forces.

4. assist in retention of track gauge.

5. not cause damage to the rail.

Where practicable, rail fastenings shall either be self-tensioning or permit tightening of the fastening to a predetermined load.

Where existing rail fastenings are not effective in minimising longitudinal movement of rails, it is permissible to fit rail anchors as a method of meeting this requirement.
Rail Fastenings Components Clips
Clips are used to fasten the rails to the underlying baseplate.
Spike
Rail screw is a large (~6 in or 152 mm length, slightly under 1 in or 25 mm) metal screw used to fix a tie plate or fasten rail.
Tie Plate
A tie plate is also called a baseplate or sole plate. Rail tie plate is used in rail construction to support the rails. Tie plates are generally used to take the load of rail and distribute the load to the sleepers offering proven economies.
Insulator
Rail insulator is used to adjust rail gauge and insulate the rail from ties and clips.
Pad
The rail pad, originally called sole plate, is used when rail is attached to concrete, rather than timber, ties or sleepers. Rail pads function to reduce fatigue cracking of the concrete ties, believed to be driven by impact and vibration from the passing train.

The raid pad prevents rail-sleeper abrasion and the crushing of the sleeper under the rail foot. Rubber rail pads are normally designed to a specified load-deflection characteristic. The initial stiffness of the rail pad is designed to be low so that that their deformations under the springs toe loads is quite substantial. This ensures that the rail pad remains in intimate contact with the rail despite any vertical movements of the latter. When the wheel is over the pad, the latter's stiffness must be high to prevent large movements which can result in the metal spring becoming loose. Such a load-deflection characteristic can be obtained by introducing grooves in the rubber rail pads. Rubber pad or grooved rubber rail pad are made up of rubber or plastic to dampen the shocks of vibrations of a passing train.
Compatibility of Components
Components that are to be used together (including rail supports, rail fastenings, pads and rail foot insulators) shall be compatible.
Selection of Components
The selection of components shall take into account the following factors:

1. track geometry

2. permissible and enhanced permissible speeds

3. track category

4. loads arising from braking and acceleration of trains

5. vehicle axle loads

6. electrical insulation requirements

7. underlying formation and structures supporting the track

8. the form of track construction.

European Standards for Components
European standards are being developed for components (for example, EN13481 Railway Applications - Track - Performance requirements for fastening systems).

Sources: railfasteners.com; wikipeia.com; pandrol.com; rgsonline.co.uk;
Videos;

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Any device used to secure running rails into chairs or baseplates or directly to sleepers, bearers or other rail supports. Rail fastenings keeps rails fastened to sleepers (transfer of forces), provides a proper slope of rail foot (1:20, 1:40) in the transverse plane, prevents the rail from longitudinal movement, damps noise and vibration coming from rails.

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Ressources en enseignement technologique en langue vivante (ETLV) au cycle terminal de la voie technologique

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Ressources en enseignement technologique en langue vivante (ETLV) au cycle terminal de la voie technologique

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Ressources en enseignement technologique en langue vivante (ETLV) au cycle terminal de la voie technologique

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Des ressources d'accompagnement sont à la disposition des professeurs pour la mise en oeuvre de l'enseignement technologique en langue vivante (ETLV) au cycle terminal de la voie technologique.

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Transforming the U.S. Electric Grid into a Smart Grid | PBS LearningMedia

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Carl Imhoff says the smart grid is taking advantage of the new digital age and bringing it to electricity infrastructure. Students will discover how a system that allows instant communication between home and the utility company may be the wave of the future for monitoring and controlling energy consumption.

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Toward A Smarter Grid | PBS LearningMedia

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In this video from NOVA's Energy Lab, learn how upgrading the U.S. electric power grid could be a key step toward a sustainable energy future. The infrastructure of the grid is over 100 years old and ill equipped to handle the increasing demand for electricity and new power sources.

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Voici un sujet technique, mais pas trop, un support simple, du vocabulaire accessible, le tout en anglais... Bref une idée parfaitement adaptée à un mini projet à réaliser en ETLV.

Cette lampe solaire à très bas prix développée par une start-up, est destinée à remplacer les lampes à pétrole. Elle offre un support simple de mini projet en anglais pour des 1°STI2D.

Cette solution propose une manière de s'éclairer plus efficace, plus sûre et moins onéreuse que la lampe à pétrole traditionnellement utilisée par plus d'un milliard de personnes dans le monde.

Aucun brevet ne pèse sur le système mis au point par le chercheur. Du câble électrique, une batterie de téléphone portable, un bouton on/off et des LED sont nécessaires.

L'abat-jour peut-être personnalisé : bouteilles vides, boîtes de diverses formes etc.

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Voici un sujet technique, mais pas trop, un support simple, du vocabulaire accessible, le tout en anglais... Bref une idée parfaitement adaptée à un mini projet à réaliser en ETLV. Cette lampe solaire à très bas prix développée par une start-up, est destinée à remplacer les lampes à pétrole.

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Material categories and properties - AQA - Revision 1 - GCSE Design and Technology - BBC Bitesize

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Learn and revise material categories and properties with BBC Bitesize for GCSE Design and Technology AQA.

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Ocean heat is the energy associated with the change in average ocean surface and bulk temperatures as a result of both natural and human activities. This heating comes as a result of increased greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, which are known to be attributed to human emissions.

Ocean warming accounts for roughly 93% of the additional energy stored from heat on the Earth, with the other 7% including all of the Earth's atmosphere (1%), land (3%) and ice (3%) (see Figure 2). The upper 700 meters of the ocean contributes much more to this value, since it is harder for light to penetrate into deep ocean layers, and heat transfer by conduction and other ocean currents is generally slow. The distribution of this warming is not uniform, as can be seen from Figure 1, and depends on ocean water circulation.

Impacts of this warming

The knowledge of how oceans have changed in recent years is extremely important, however due to its coupling with the atmosphere it is also extremely complex. Since both the atmosphere and ocean transfer heat from the equator to higher latitudes, any modification in ocean circulation can be a source of climate change. It is also important because any sea level increase directly affects highly population coastal areas.

Changes in ocean salinity

Ocean salinity can change for various reasons as a result of warming:

An influx of fresh water from melting sea ice, which reduces salinity

Increased evaporation of sea water, which increases salinity

An increased influx of fresh water from rain, rivers or land ice, which reduces salinity

In general, as the intensity of the hydrologic cycle (water cycle) increases, as is expected with global warming, the salinity of oceans is expected to change more drastically.

Melting of ice

The melting of ice - particularly sea ice - and corresponding decrease in albedo is of great concern. Ice is white and highly reflective - corresponding to a high albedo (reflectivity). This reflectivity prevents some incident sunlight from being absorbed. However, when ice melts the vegetation, soil, or water beneath it is exposed. These surfaces are darker and heat faster and thus have a lower albedo. As these surfaces with a lower albedo are exposed to the Sun, they absorb more solar radiation than the ice would have. This absorption further raises temperatures and causes even more ice to melt, continuously heating and pushing the cycle, known as a positive feedback cycle. This feedback can act more quickly over the ocean than over land as sea ice is able to melt more quickly than large, continental ice sheets.

The melting of ice also contributes to the next major consequence of ocean heating; rising sea levels.

Changes in sea level

The increase in ocean temperatures has caused an increase in sea level by about 20 centimeters. There are two reasons for warming oceans to cause an increase in sea level:

1. Molecules gain more kinetic energy at higher temperatures and cause the water to take up more space. This is known as thermal expansion. (~1 mm/year)

2. This extra heat causes sea ice sheets to melt. Greenland and other Arctic locations are warming twice as fast as other locations on Earth. (~2 mm/year)

The increase in sea level is concerning as 11 of the world's 15 largest cities lie on the coast, meaning that more people are at risk of harsh events like floods and hurricanes. Not only does it affect people's safety in these cities, but the damage such events can have is expected to cost a tremendous amount of money - in 2015 flooding in major coastal cities costs about $6 billion (USD) worldwide, and could increase to nearly $1 trillion by 2050.

References

1. M. Melieres and C. Marechal, "Recent Climate Change," in Climate Change: Past, Present and Future 1st ed., U.K.: Wiley, 2015, ch.25.1.3, pp. 248-249

2. Created internally by a member of the Energy Education team.

3. M. Melieres and C. Marechal, "The impact of warming on the ocean," in Climate Change: Past, Present and Future 1st ed., U.K.: Wiley, 2015, ch.27, pp. 273-283

4. NASA. (Accessed November 7 2015). Sea Level Rise [Online], Available: http://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/125/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ocean heat is the energy associated with the change in average ocean surface and bulk temperatures as a result of both natural and human activities. This heating comes as a result of increased greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, which are known to be attributed to human emissions.

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éducation nationale  sti2d - sciences et technologies de l'industrie et du développement durable

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Séquence complète ETLV - Altamont wind farm

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Bienvenue sur le site disciplinaire de l'académie d'Aix-Marseille STI2D - Sciences et Technologies de l'Industrie et du Développement Durable

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Class activities for STI2D

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pairworks...

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HelpTeaching.com - Free Printable K-12 Worksheets

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Simple Machines (Grade 5) - Free Printable Tests and Worksheets

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Which is not an example of a simple machine?

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Science Chapter 9B - Machines Flashcards | Quizlet

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Bob Jones Science 6 Chapter 9 - Motion and Machines Learn with flashcards, games, and more - for free.

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Rooms in the house and their simple machines

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Rooms in the house and their simple machines

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Museum of Science and Industry: Simple Machines Game

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Game with challenges to create simple machines that help adorable-but-lazy Twitch do his work.

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ENGINEERING Challenge #6: How's it Made?

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The Engineer's Ultimate Resource Tool offering Collaborative PLM Software, Project Management, CAD Viewing, Web Conferencing, Secure File Transfer, directories, search, newsletters

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Gears: Two toothed wheels fit together either directly or through a chain or belt so one wheel will turn the other. Some gears may have a screw or a toothed shaft in place of one of the wheels.

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A tunnel boring machine (TBM) also known as a " mole ", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They can bore through hard rock, sand, and almost anything in between. Tunnel diameters can range from a metre (done with micro-TBMs) to almost 16 metres to date. Tunnels of less than a metre or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs.

Tunnel boring machines are used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional 'hand mining' in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult to transport. However, as modern tunnels become longer, the cost of tunnel boring machines versus drill and blast is actually less-this is because tunnelling with TBMs is much more efficient and results in a shorter project.

The largest diameter TBM, at 15.43 m, was built by Herrenknecht AG for a recent project in Shanghai, China. The machine was built to bore through soft ground including sand and clay. The largest diameter hard rock TBM, at 14.4 m, was manufactured by The Robbins Company for Canada's Niagara Tunnel Project. The machine is currently boring a hydroelectric tunnel beneath Niagara Falls, the machine has been named "Big Becky" in reference to the Sir Adam Beck hydroelectric dams to which it is tunneling to provide an additional hydroelectric tunnel.
Hard rock TBMs
In hard rock, either shielded or open-type TBMs can be used. All types of hard rock TBMs excavate rock using disc cutters mounted in the cutter head. The disc cutters create compressive stress fractures in the rock, causing it to chip away from the rock in front of the machine, called the tunnel face. The excavated rock, known as muck, is transferred through openings in the cutter head to a belt conveyor, where it runs through the machine to a system of conveyors or muck cars for removal from the tunnel.

Open-type TBMs have no shield, leaving the area behind the cutter head open for rock support. To advance, the machine uses a gripper system that pushes against the side walls of the tunnel. The machine can be continuously steered while gripper shoes push on the side-walls to react the machine's forward thrust. At the end of a stroke, the rear legs of the machine are lowered, the grippers and propel cylinders are retracted. The retraction of the propel cylinders repositions the gripper assembly for the next boring cycle. The grippers are extended, the rear legs lifted, and boring begins again. The open-type, or Main Beam, TBM does not install concrete segments behind it as other machines do. Instead, the rock is held up using ground support methods such as ring beams, rock bolts, shotcrete, steel straps, and wire mesh (Stack, 1995).

In fractured rock, shielded hard rock TBMs can be used, which erect concrete segments to support unstable tunnel walls behind the machine. Double Shield TBMs are so called because they have two modes; in stable ground they can grip against the tunnel walls to advance forward. In unstable, fractured ground, the thrust is shifted to thrust cylinders that push off against the tunnel segments behind the machine. This keeps the significant thrust forces from impacting fragile tunnel walls. Single Shield TBMs operate in the same way, but are used only in fractured ground, as they can only push off against the concrete segments (Stack, 1995).
Soft ground TBMs
In soft ground, there are two main types of TBMs: Earth Pressure Balance Machines (EPB) and Slurry Shield (SS). Both types of machines operate like Single Shield TBMs, using thrust cylinders to advance forward by pushing off against concrete segments. Earth Pressure Balance Machines are used in soft ground with less than 7 bar of pressure. The cutter head does not use disc cutters only, but instead a combination of tungsten carbide cutting bits, carbide disc cutters, and/or hard rock disc cutters. The EPB gets its name because it is capable of holding up soft ground by maintaining a balance between earth and pressure. The TBM operator and automated systems keep the rate of soil removal equal to the rate of machine advance. Thus, a stable environment is maintained. In addition, additives such as bentonite, polymers and foam are injected into the ground to further stabilize it.

In soft ground with very high water pressure and large amounts of ground water, Slurry Shield TBMs are needed. These machines offer a completely enclosed working environment. Soils are mixed with bentonite slurry, which must be removed from the tunnel through a system of slurry tubes that exit the tunnel. Large slurry separation plants are needed on the surface for this process, which separate the dirt from the slurry so it can be recycled back into the tunnel.

While the use of TBMs relieves the need for large numbers of workers at high pressures, a caisson system is sometimes formed at the cutting head for slurry shield TBMs. Workers entering this space for inspection, maintenance and repair need to be medically cleared as "fit to dive" and trained in the operation of the locks.

Back-up systems
Behind all types of tunnel boring machines, inside the finished part of the tunnel, are trailing support decks known as the back-up system. Support mechanisms located on the back-up can include: conveyors or other systems for muck removal, slurry pipelines if applicable, control rooms, electrical systems, dust removal, ventilation and mechanisms for transport of pre-cast segments.

Urban tunnelling and near surface tunnelling
Urban tunnelling has the special challenge of requiring that the ground surface be undisturbed. This means that ground subsidence must be avoided. The normal method of doing this in soft ground is to maintain the soil pressures during and after the tunnel construction. There is some difficulty in doing this, particularly in varied strata (e.g., boring through a region where the upper portion of the tunnel face is wet sand and the lower portion is hard rock).

TBMs with positive face control, such as EPB and SS, are used in such situations. Both types (EPB and SS) are capable of reducing the risk of surface subsidence and voids if operated properly and if the ground conditions are well documented.

When tunnelling in urban environments, other tunnels, existing utility lines and deep foundations need to be addressed in the early planning stages. The project must accommodate measures to mitigate any detrimental effects to other infrastructure.
1- Slurry Pressure Balance (SPB) TBM
The basic principle of this TBM is to maintain the face pressure during the excavation phase by filling the working chamber, located behind the cutter head, with slurry.

Advantages

Allows soft, wet, or unstable ground to be tunnelled with a speed and safety not previously possible

Suitable for ground with high water pressures (below water table)

Limits ground settlement and produces a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes it suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas.

Disadvantages

The major disadvantage is the upfront capital cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, difficult to transport, require significant backup systems and power.

Drive can be hindered by large stones and boulders

Main characteristics

Tunnel Lining - Precast Concrete Segments

Typical Performance - 5m to 30m per day. Actual performance and costs will depend on ground conditions and tunnel diameter.

2- Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) TBM
This is a mechanised tunnelling method in which spoil is admitted into the tunnel boring machine (TBM) via a screw conveyor arrangement which allows the pressure at the face of the TBM to remain balanced without the use of slurry.
Advantages

Allows soft, wet, or unstable ground to be tunnelled with a speed and safety not previously possible

Limits ground settlement and produces a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes it suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas

Disadvantages
The major disadvantage is the upfront capital cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, difficult to transport, require significant backup systems and power.
Main characteristics

Tunnel Lining - Precast Concrete Segments.

Typical Performance - 9m to 35m per day. Actual performance and costs will depend on ground conditions and tunnel diameter.

3- Hard Rock TBM
This method involves the use of a Tunnelling machine with a shield and cutter head suitable for hard rock.

Advantages
They offer a continuous and controlled means of tunnelling capable of high rates of advance under favourable conditions.
Disadvantages

The major disadvantage is the upfront capital cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, difficult to transport, require significant backup systems and power.

Their applicability is limited to long tunnels where the high rates of advance and tunnel quality can offset their high capital cost.

Main characteristics

Tunnel Lining - Precast Concrete Segments / Sprayed Concrete / No lining

Typical Performance - 12m to 67m per day. Actual performance and costs will depend on ground conditions and tunnel diameter.

Stages of TBM Construction
References: wikipedia.org, tavbrasil.gov.br, MTR and nfm-technologies.com
Video:

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A tunnel boring machine (TBM) also known as a " mole ", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata. They can bore through hard rock, sand, and almost anything in between.

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The New Austrian Tunneling method (NATM) was developed between 1957 and 1965 in Austria. It was given its name in Salzburg in 1962 to distinguish it from old Austrian tunnelling approach. The main contributors to the development of NATM were Ladislaus von Rabcewicz, Leopold Müller and Franz Pacher. The main idea is to use the geological stress of the surrounding rock mass to stabilize the tunnel itself.

Crossover and Twin Tubes Tunnel
Principles
The NATM integrates the principles of the behaviour of rock masses under load and monitoring the performance of underground construction during construction. The NATM is not a set of specific excavation and support techniques and has often been referred to as a "design as you go" approach to tunnelling providing an optimized support based on observed ground conditions but more correctly it is a "design as you monitor" approach based on observed convergence and divergence in the lining as well as prevailing rock conditions.

There are seven features on which NATM is based:

Mobilization of the strength of rock mass - The method relies on the inherent strength of the surrounding rock mass being conserved as the main component of tunnel support. Primary support is directed to enable the rock to support itself.

Shotcrete protection - Loosening and excessive rock deformation must be minimised. This is achieved by applying a thin layer of shotcrete immediately after face advance.

Measurements - Every deformation of the excavation must be measured. NATM requires installation of sophisticated measurement instrumentation. It is embedded in lining, ground, and boreholes.

Flexible support - The primary lining is thin and reflects recent strata conditions. Active rather than passive support is used and the tunnel is strengthened not by a thicker concrete lining but by a flexible combination of rock bolts, wire mesh and steel ribs.

Closing of invert - Quickly closing the invert and creating a load-bearing ring is important. It is crucial in soft ground tunnels where no section of the tunnel should be left open even temporarily.

Contractual arrangements - Since the NATM is based on monitoring measurements, changes in support and construction method are possible. This is possible only if the contractual system enables those changes.

Rock mass classification determines support measures - There are several main rock classes for tunnels and corresponding support systems for each. These serve as the guidelines for tunnel reinforcement.

Based on the computation of the optimal cross section, just a thin shotcrete protection is necessary. It is applied immediately behind the Tunnel boring machine, to create a natural load-bearing ring and therefore to minimize the rock's deformation. Additionally, geotechnical instruments are installed to measure the later deformation of excavation. Therefore a monitoring of the stress distribution within the rock is possible.

Drilling and blasting, full face

Mechanical excavation,

Excavation with shovel

Face support with shotcrete

Full face

Re Profilling

Typical excavation sequences in conventional tunnelling

Partial excavation

Top heading

Rockbolts

Jet Grouting

Face Grouting

Pipe Umbrella

This monitoring makes the method very flexible, even at surprising changes of the geomechanical rock consistency during the tunneling work, e.g. by crevices or pit water. Such (usual) problems are not solved by thicker shotcrete, but the reinforcement is done by wired concrete which can be combined with steel ribs or lug bolts.

The measured rock properties lead to the appropriate tools for tunnel strengthening. Therefore in the last decade NATM was also applied to soft ground excavations and to tunnels in porous sediments. The flexible NATM technique enables immediate adjustments in the construction details, but this requires a flexible contractual system, too.
Key features
According to E.Brown, the key features of the design philosophy refer to:

The strength of the ground around a tunnel is deliberately mobilized to the maximum extent possible.

Mobilization of ground strength is achieved by allowing controlled deformation of the ground.

Initial primary support is installed having load-deformation characteristics appropriate to the ground conditions, and installation is timed with respect to ground deformations.

Instrumentation is installed to monitor deformations in the initial support system, as well as to form the basis of varying the initial support design and the sequence of excavation.

When NATM is seen as a construction method, the key features are:

The tunnel is sequentially excavated and supported, and the excavation sequences can be varied.

The initial ground support is provided by shotcrete in combination with fibre or welded-wire fabric reinforcement, steel arches (usually lattice girders), and sometimes ground reinforcement (e.g. soil nails, spiling).

The permanent support is usually (but not always) a cast-in-place concrete lining.

Some experts note that many of these construction methods were used in the US and elsewhere in soft-ground applications, before NATM was described in the literature.

Sprayed Concrete
Advantages

Flexible - Support provide as required by the ground conditions .

Safe - Able to deal with locally unexpected ground condition, minimizing claims.

Economical - Support provided as required by the encountered ground conditions, in contrast to TBM segments, which are designed for
worst load case - if needed or not, therefore overdesigned.

Adaptable - Optimizing equipment and crews, allowing multiple heading operations concurrent.

Disadvantages

High level of coordination, cooperation and communication.

Lower production rates.

Interruptions in excavation and support works have to be avoided as much as possible.

Main characteristics

Tunnel Lining - Sprayed Concrete.

Typical Performance - 1m to 3m per day. Actual performance and costs will depend on ground conditions and tunnel diameter.

Sources: wikipedia.org, tavbrasil.gov.br, ita-aites.org, haivan.cadp.jp, NATM Design and Construction (Conrad W. Felice)
Videos:

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The New Austrian Tunneling method (NATM) was developed between 1957 and 1965 in Austria. It was given its name in Salzburg in 1962 to distinguish it from old Austrian tunnelling approach. The main contributors to the development of NATM were Ladislaus von Rabcewicz, Leopold Müller and Franz Pacher.

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Accelerator
A substance added to concrete/shotcrete to accelerate setting.

Adit
A tunnel driven from ground surface to provide access to or drainage from underground workings; a length of tunnel driven for an exploration - exploration adit.

Advance
The forward progress in the construction of a tunnel, usually measured by the length created, or the rate of segment positioning in terms of a number per hour/day or some other timescale.

Backfill
A material used to replace excavated soil.

Bench
It is in situ ground at the lower face of a tunnel undergoing staged excavation.

Bentonite
Bentonite is clay composed, like fuller's earth, mainly of the same clay mineral 'montmorillonite'. It is used for synthetic reasons, expanding properties when water content increases.

Bolt pocket
A pre-formed recess in tunnel segment to accommodate bolts which hold segments together.

Bore
The internal diameter of a pipe or other cylinder, single tunnel e.g. Twin Bore.

Borehole
A hole driven into the ground to get information about the strata, or to release water pressure by vertical sand drains, or to obtain water, oil, gas, salt etc.

Boring/bored
Making a hole in the ground by means of a rotating auger.

Box Jack/Jacked box
A fully built structure that is constructed and then thrust into final position from an adjacent jacking point.

Burden (blasting)
The burden of the toe of a blasting hole is its distance from the nearest free face measured at right angle to the hole.

Caisson
A foundation constructed at surface and sunk to its final position. Caissons can have solid or open bases depending on the ground they are being sunk into (generally open caissons are sunk into softer ground e.g. clay). Caissons can also be filled with compressed air, which provides dry working conditions when using an open-base caisson.

Canopy tube
A metal tube drilled into the tunnel face above the ground to be excavated, the tubes are pumped full of grout once in place. A series of tubes are drilled forming a 'pipe umbrella'. This umbrella helps poor ground to arch over the tunnel, reducing the risk of crown failure.

Cantilever diaphragm walls
These are walls supporting the sides of an excavation which have no support at the top. The wall is prevented from tipping over by burying the base of the wall below the bottom of the excavation. Sometimes the cantilever diaphragm walls and cut and cover technique are combined with the use of a roof hat which is conciliated over the diaphragm walls and the spoil removed after.

Caulking
This is sealing a seam to make it watertight. This is often used in tunnels to seal around the segments.

Caulking groove
A detail formed in a construction joint to allow caulking to be placed if required.

Chainage
A measure of length along the alignment of a project.

Circumferential joint
A joint (typically between segments) which runs circumferentially around the tunnel bore. Except in rock tunnels where the TBM uses grapples.

Cladding
This is lining placed on the internal surface of the tunnel. Cladding provides a smart finish, can be fireproof and is easily retro-fitted. It is also expensive to replace and can be damaged easily be errant vehicles.

Closed-form-solutions
Perfect analytical solutions to (often theoretical) problems. Closed-form solutions allow quick calculation of problems by making assumptions and likening reality to an idealised situation.

Cofferdam
A temporary wall built to keep water out of a construction area. These will often be constructed of diaphragm walls or piles sunk into the ground around the construction area. Triad is removed by grate in dry or wet condilim.
Example presentation on building a cofferdam tunnel accross a river

Compressed air
It is used during excavation to apply pressure to the face and prevent the face coming in. Also to prevent water influx and keep the excavation dry. This method carries health and safety implications as it involves miners working in pressurised air conditions.
Used to gain access to face when using enclosed face TBM in certain eradiation.

Compensation grouting
A method of reversing ground settlements by injecting grout into the ground. The volume of grout must be carefully controlled in order to prevent heave whilst eliminating settlement.

Convergence
A measurement of the movement of the walls of a tunnel inwards. The walls will tend to deflect in with the load of the ground on them, this is often monitored to provide information on the performance of the lining during construction.

Contiguous pile wall
A piled wall where the piles are placed adjacent to each other with small gaps between the piles. This type of wall is used only where ground conditions are suitable.

Conveyor
Used in tunnelling to remove excavated material from a tunnel face or shaft. The conveyor takes the material from the face to the tunnel spoil handling point, where it is dealt with.

Crossover
Used in rail tunnels to allow trains to access different lines / platforms. Often designed as a large cavern with multiple tunnels joining it.

Cross passage
A small tunnel used to connect between adjacent bores in a multiple-bore tunnel. Cross passages provide a means of escape from an incident bore and allow equipment to be placed out of the main bores. It also provides access for O/M.

Crown
The highest point of the internal curved surface of a tunnel cross section.

Culvert
It is a small channel or drain used to carry water beneath an obstacle (e.g. road).

Cutterface
This is the front side of a tunnel boring machine.

Cutterhead
The head at the front of a tunnel boring machine used for cutting into the ground. Cutterheads have different designs depending on the type of ground they are built to operate in. Hard rock conditions are tackled by installing cutting discs which shear the rock off the face. Softer conditions require picks to be fitted to the face, these scoop away the ground.

Cut and cover tunnel
A method of tunnel construction involving excavating a trench, installing the structure and covering it over. This method is typically used for shallow tunnels. Great care is required to ensure the walls of the excavation are well supported while the structure is installed.

Dewatering
The removal of water from granular soils, it is normally carried out within an impermeable cut-off wall and by using well points.

Diaphragm walls
A concrete retaining wall (usually reinforced) which is constructed in panels from the ground surface. Excavation for panels is undertaken by a long-arm excavator, with the ground supported by bentonite mud or similar. Once the reinforcement cage has been lowered into place, concrete is poured into the slot, displacing the mud. Once all panels have been cast, excavation of the ground within may proceed.

Double shield
A tunnel boring machine that is formed of two sections, each being capable of independent forward movement, this allows concurrent excavation and building of a tunnel lining.

Dowel bar/Shear dowel
Reinforcement which crosses a zone of shear, limiting movement.

Drill and blast
The excavation of a tunnel, shaft or cavern in rock using explosive charges placed in holes drilled in the face.

EPB (Earth Pressure Balance machine)
A type of tunnel boring machine which retains a prescribed amount of excavated soil in the cutter head. Hydraulic jacks are used to force this soil against the face of the tunnel, ensuring the ground remains stable. Normally used in granular soils.

Elephant's foot
The enlargement of a tunnel lining at the joint between the side walls and the invert.

Erector
A mechanical arm present in a tunnel boring machine which is used to put the tunnellining segments into place.

Escape sets
Emergency breathing apparatus which may be used in an underground space if the oxygen level reduces.

Extrados
The outside face of a structural element ie the tunnel extrados.

Extensometer (inclinometer)
A device for measuring the change in distance between two points. Often used for measuring the ground movement induced by tunnelling.

Expanded lining
Primary lining that consists of tunnel segments that are expanded circumferentially against the surrounding ground.

Eye (tunnel eye)
The start of a tunnel, normally at a junction between a shaft and a tunnel.

Face dowel
A rod of steel or fibreglass inserted into the tunnel face to provide temporary support and assist in limiting face movement.

Face loss
The loss of material from the face of a tunnel.

Fault
A break in the bedding of rocks, it displaces any deposit vertically by the 'throw' and horizontally by the 'heave' or lateral shift.

Fibre (reinforced)
Steel fibres of 0.1 - 1.0mm thickness, up to 60mm long, which are used to reinforce concrete, particularly sprayed concrete. FRC can provide superior fire protection and crack control.

Fire curve
A relationship between time and temperature, which is used to assess whether a structure can safely withstand a fire. Standardised fire curves for different types of vehicle fires are used to analyse the structural safety of tunnels.

Floatation
The buoyancy of a void (e.g. tunnel) beneath the water table.

Fore poling
A system of placing "fore poles" into the ground ahead of the tunnel face to provide a canopy under which excavation can take place.

Framing/Frame
Support around an opening, i.e. forming a portal for cross passage excavation.

Freezing (ground treatment)/Ground freezing
The process of freezing the ground to enable safe excavation of water bearing deposits.

Gasket (EDPM) (hydrophilic)
An acrylic based strip placed around the outside of a tunnel segment that on contact with water expands to many times its own size to create a water-tight seal. There are both elastometric and hydrophilic gaskets.

Geotechnical engineering
A branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering behaviour of the ground.

Gripper TBM
A tunnel boring machine with a hydraulic jack system that extends feet radically against the tunnel wall holding the TBM in place whilst another section of tunnel is excavated.

Grommets/grummet
Washers made of flexible material used in bolted segmental tunnel linings to prevent leakage through bolt holes.

Ground anchor
A steel cable or bolt used to restrain movement of a structure by securing it into the ground.

Ground freezing
A technique used to control groundwater and support excavations, where coolant is circulated through tubes inserted into the ground in order to turn any water in the ground into ice.

Grout
A construction material, usually composed of water, sand and cement, but also a large number of other materials, used to improve ground conditions, fill voids in the ground or embed reinforcing bars. Fill the annulus around tunnel segments to hold the shape of the ring.

Grout hole
A small diameter hole in a tunnel lining to allow grouting up of any voids behind the tunnel lining.

Grout plug
A plug used to seal grout hole.

Heading
The top section of a staged mined tunnel excavation, normally excavated first, followed behind by the bench and invert.

Headrace tunnel
A tunnel carrying water under pressure from a reservoir down to the turbine hall of a hydroelectric power plant.

Headshunt tunnel
A blind tunnel used for the reversing of trains on underground railways.

Heave
The movement of the base of excavation, or tunnel invert upwards, caused by the removal of confining pressure of the ground.

Hydrophilic
A material which expands on contact with water. Hydrophilic gaskets are used on tunnel segment joints.

Immersed tube tunnel
A tunnel assembled under water from preformed structural units, usually floated into position and sunk onto prepared foundations.

Inclinometer (Extensometer)
An instrument used for measuring angles of slope (or tilt), elevation or inclination of an object with respect to gravity.

Intrados
The inside surface of a tunnel.

Invert
The bottom surface of a tunnel.

Jacking station
The thrust pit together with the plant and ancillaries to provide the thrust for pipe jacking.

Jet fan
Apparatus with rotating hades giving current of air for ventilation.

Jet-grouting
Grouting of the Earth, done under pressure, to stabilise the ground.

Jumbo
A piece of equipment that consists of a frame that rolls on trades or rather wheels and carries drills for excavation of rock tunnels.

Junction
The intersection between two or more tunnels where they meet/cross.

Key
The key segment is the last segment to be inserted in a linning ring. It provides the overall stability to the segment in much the same way as a keystone does to an arch.

Lagging
Heavy planting made to construct walls in excavations and braced cuts.

Lattice Girder
A lightweight curved steel structure installed at the exposed face used to ensure the correct tunnel profile is achieved and also to carry any canopy support (canopy tubes or spiles).

Legging
Timber planes or steel plates inserted above a tunnel - supporting ribs to hold back rods or soil.

Luminaries
A Luminaries is a lighting device that consists of one or more lamps or light sources, a fixture that portions and shields them, components that destitute the light, and elements that connect the lamp to the power supply. In general, Luminaries do not radiate light of equal intensity in all directions because of the diazotisation of the lamps or the geometry of the fixtures.

Man rider
A cage-like lift for access into shafts.

Mesh
Steel bars in a lattice structure which enables shotcrete/fire resistance concrete to bond to the tunnel lining.

A public rail transportation system. It is also a subway system and an electrical underground railway.

Mined tunnel
This is excavated rather than immersed or cut-and-covered by means of drill &blast, TBM, road-header or hand-mining.

Monitoring
Quantified assessment of a tunnel's infrastructure movement e.g. tunnel structure itself, any rails, any electrical equipment or the tunnel's environment e.g. temperature and pressure.

NATM
New Austrian Tunnelling Method is a philosophy of excavating tunnels in rock. It is based on 7 principles - mobilisation of the strength of rock mass, shotcrete protection, monitoring, flexible support, closing of invert, contractual arrangements to allow for changes in support and construction method during construction, and rock mass classification.

Niches
An area/adit off the main tunnel used for emergency supplies - fire extinguishers, fire hoses, telephones etc.

OHLE (Overhead Line Equipment)
Used to transmit electrical energy to trams, trolleybuses or trains at a distance from the energy supply point. The devices may be pantographs, bow collectors, or trolley poles. The collectors are electrically conductive, and allow current to flow through to the traction motors of the train or tram, and back to the feeder station via the steel wheels and one or both running rails of the track.

One-pass lining
This is a tunnel with primary (single pass) lining only, normally segmental lining.

Over-break/Over-excavation
This is a larger tunnel diameter than required due to poor rock or soil breaking away into the excavation.

Parallel cut (blasting)
Method of excavating a tunnel from the working face. A central hole is drilled while parallel holes are drilled and charged. The central hole provides the space used when the other filled holes explode, controlling the direction of the energy dissipation.

Pattern bolting
Systematic spacing, e.g. in a grid, of rock bolts in a tunnel crown to provide required level of support, often as defined by the Q system.

Penstocks ( Karahnjukar project)
Part of a hydro plant that sends the water down to the turbines - normally a vertical shaft.

Pilot tunnel
A smaller diameter tunnel bored for investigative purposes before the main tunnel drive. It can be expanded into the final tunnel cross section, for example for the Uetliberg tunnel in Switzerland a 5.00 m pilot tunnel was excavated with a tunnel boring machine and then enlarged to the final cross-section of 14.20m wide by 14.40m high by a tunnel bore extender (TBE) employing undercutting.

Pipe jacking
A method for directly installing pipes behind a shield machine by hydraulic or other jacking, from a drive shaft such that the pipes form a continuous string in the ground.

Piping
Internal erosion that leads to sudden collapse.

Plug (shaft)
A thick concrete base of a shaft, that is heavy enough to prevent uplift and flotation for the whole structure.

Polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete
Concrete made with fine polypropylene fibres included in the mix, either used as a sprayed lining or in precast segments. The fibres' main purpose is to improve the performance of concrete at high temperatures, as may be experienced in a tunnel fire. The fibres melt leaving cavities in the concrete which can be used by released water vapour reducing explosive spalling of the lining.

Portal
Entrance, or structure that forms the entrance, to a tunnel.

Pre-cast (concrete)
Uniform units of concrete cast away from the site where they are to be used, more complex shapes can be created to higher tolerances than cast in situ equivalents. Installation on site is greatly simplified and avoids the need for storing composite ingredients of concrete and handling cement materials, for example Beany Drainage in line kerb units and tunnel linings/segments.

Pressure cells
Pressure cells are an example of monitoring equipment that can be embedded into a structure (for example an SCL lining) and used to measure changes in pressure as well as absolute pressure values for radial pressure cells. A cell comprises two thin metal plates sealed around a cavity, attached to a crimping tube which forces a fixed amount of fluid into the cavity. Attached electrical cables and transducers allow the data to be recorded as required.

Primary Lining
Structural tunnel lining that is placed against the ground.

Profiler
Also called a road header or just header machine, it is a piece of excavating equipment consisting of a boom-mounted cutting head, a loading device usually involving a conveyor, and a crawler travelling track to move the entire machine forward into the rock face. The cutting head can be a general purpose rotating drum mounted in line or perpendicular to the boom, or can be special function heads such as jack-hammer like spikes, compression fracture micro-wheel heads like those on larger Tunnel Boring Machines, a slicer head like a gigantic chain saw for dicing up rock, or simple jaw-like buckets of traditional excavators.

Radial joint
Joints in a pre-cast concrete segmental tunnel perpendicular to the circumference.

Ram
A hydraulic operated thrusting member in a
Tunnel Boring machine (TBM) that assists in moving the TBM forward by shoving off pre-cast concrete segmental tunnel lining.

Rib
Circular or arch support (usually steel I beams) used to support/strengthen excavations, often used in conjunction with timber boards (ribs and logging).

Ring (number, closure, closure distance)
Pre-cast concrete segmental lining of finite length.

Ring beam
This is a ring-shaped structural member usually carrying bending/vertical gravitational loads.

RMR - (Rock Mass Rating)
The sum of six rock quality parameters (unaxial compressive strength of rock material, rock quality designation (RQD), spacing of discontinuities, condition of discontinuities, groundwater conditions and orientation of discontinuities).
Scale 0-100.

Road header
Excavating equipment consisting of a boom-mounted cutting head, a loading device usually involving a conveyor, and a crawler travelling track to move the entire machine forward into the rock face. Similar to a profiler.

Robot (for spraying concrete)
A robot, attached to the rear of a tunnel boring machine, for spraying a concrete lining onto the perimeter of the tunnel.

Robotic spraying
Spraying of concrete to create a tunnel lining by means of remote or automated control.

Rock
Materials consisting of the aggregate of minerals, like those making up the Earth's crust that has not been broken down into loose material.

Rock arch
This is the phenomenon of rock around an underground excavation behaving as an arch, transferring compressive loads to either side of the excavation. A self supporting excavation shape where the rock is broken to form a natural and stable arch.

Rock bolt
This a long bolt for stabilising rock excavations by transferring loads into the confined strong rock interior.

Running tunnel
This is the basic section of a tunnel between stations,shafts, turnouts etc.

Q system (Tunnel Quality Index)
This is a widely adopted system proposed by Barton et al in 1974 for the determination of rock mass characteristics and tunnel support requirements. Properties, such as blockings, interblock shear strength and the active stress condition of the rock mass are given numerical values based on tables from case studies. The final numerical value for Q varies on a logarithmic scale from 0.001 to 1000.

Secant pile wall
A method of constructing a concrete wall in poor ground by means of a continuous row of concrete-filled boreholes, alternate holes are bored in two successive series such that adjacent piles overlap.

Secondary lining
Lining in addition to primary lining for decoration, improved fluid flow, protection, structural enhancement or other purposes.

Segment
Arc shaped preformed component that forms part of the tunnel or shaft lining.

Settlement
Downward movement of the ground surface.

SGI
Spheroid Graphite Iron, a form of segmental cast-iron tunnel lining.

Shaft
A shaft is a vertical or steeply inclined excavation used as a passage from the surface to the workings, used for ventilation, travelling, hoisting, or all three. Shafts are usually of limited cross section in relation to their depth.

Shield
A protective tube used in soft ground, inside which a TBM works, the shield eliminates timbering.

Shield driven
Method of excavation in the front of a tunnel or pipe jack using a shield. (see shield)

Shotcrete
A commonly used term for mortar or concrete sprayed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface.

Side drift
Continuous ribbed support, usually steel for construction of tunnels.

Single pass
A tunnel which only has one layer of lining.

Slab
Usually is a concrete section used for supporting loads, providing cover, or in the case of a base slab, acting as a plug against water filling a shaft.

Slurry
A mixture of bentonite and water.

Slurry shield
Method using a mechanical tunnelling shield with closed face which conditions the ground and employs

Soffit
The highest part of the underside or an arch shape.

Soft ground
Normally consisting of sands/gravels, extra consideration is required in tunnelling through this material, as soft soils are unstable over a certain period and must be considered as less predictable than hard rock.

Soil nail
Slender elements (usually steel reinforcing bars) inserted into the ground to act as ground improvement.

Spile
Bars inserted into a tunnel face to act as a form of ground improvement.

Spoil
Earth material from an excavation.

Sprayed concrete (lining)
SCL is an established method of tunnelling using sprayed concrete to support the excavation both temporarily and permanently. (see shotcrete for picture)

Spring line
This is the point where the curved portion of a tunnel roof meets the top of the wall. In a circular tunnel the spring lines are at the opposite ends of the horizontal centreline.

Squeezing rock
Difficult tunnelling ground conditions characterised with (usually) the rock being strongly jointed and fractured and having low strength.

Stank
A method of damming up a water course or channel/pipe to control water flow.

Station concourse
This is a large open area where people can gather.

Steel fibre reinforced concrete (fibre)
A concrete mix that contains short discrete steel fibres that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented throughout the mix opposed to conventional steel rebars used in reinforced concrete.

Steel sets/arches
Steel support structure for tunnel construction.

Step (plate junction)
Where two tunnels lined with plates of different diameters meet, special vertical plates are required to close the vertical faces - so forming a step. Often in situ, concrete is used instead of plates to avoid the heavy cost and time delay in making special plates.

Stub
Small tunnel structure, constructed for ease of connection to future tunnels.

A pit in which water collects before being baled or pumped out.

Surge tunnel
A tunnel constructed to take into account the surge pressures associated with the flow of water.

Tail skinA rear end shield forming a tail seal and used for building the segmental rings.

A Manchette tube is a PVC or metal pipe in which rubber sleeves cover holes that are drilled in the pipe at specific intervals. The tubes are inserted into holes that have been bored into the "work area" (soil, rock, concrete, etc.) known as the "grout zone". Grout is pumped to a packer that has been slid into the tube, seals on the packer force the grout through the holes in the tube, past the flexible rubber sleeve, and into the grout zone to help stabilize and/or seal it.

Tape extensions A Tape Extensometer is a portable device, designed to measure the relative distance between reference anchors fixed to the excavation or structure.

Taper
This refers to the gradient across the circumferential face of a segmentallining. Rotation of successful rings allows curves to be negotiated.

TBM - (tunnel boring machine)A machine for excavating circular tunnels, a rotating cutting wheel breaks the ground, which drops through slots in the cutting wheel for removal.

The total amount of force a tunnel boring machine can apply onto the face of an excavation.

Thrust pit
Pit or shaft located at the beginning of a pipe jacking operation.

Timber packer (mining engineering)
One who builds packs or pack walls. In anthracite and bituminous coal mining, one who fills worked-out rooms, from which coal has been mined, with rock, slate, or other waste to prevent caving of walls and roofs, or who builds rough walls and columns of loose stone, heavy boards, timber, or coal along haulage ways and passageways and in rooms where coal is being mined to prevent caving of roof or walls during mining operations. Also known as packer; pillar man; timber packer; waller. Also known as the thin shins placed between segment joints to covert geometry and aid the negotiation of curves.

Tolerances
Specified parameters for construction or manufacture of a particular item or component.

Top heading
A small tunnel dug ahead of the main excavation, they are dug at the crown of the tunnel. Top headings are used in the top-heading-and-bench method, the main advantage being that engineer can use the heading tunnel to gauge the stability of the rock before moving forward with the project.

Tunnel
An underground passage, open to daylight at both ends. If open only at one end, it is called a drift or an adit. A tunnel is a horizontal or sloping underground enclosed way of some length.

Permanent or temporary cover to the rock or soil surface at the periphery of a tunnel excavation.

Tunnel ventilation
Tunnel ventilation and smoke extraction are essential to the design of safe tunnels; its purpose is to provide a safe and comfortable environment for users during the operational stage of the tunnel and to the workers during the construction phase.

Umbrella tube
Another name for canopy tube, a supportive structure made of multiple tubes bored around the drilling face of a tunnel, which are then filled with cement.

Underground
Adjective which refers to a location beneath natural (or man made if landscaping has taken place) ground level, as opposed to being at ground level or above ground.

Vacuum erector
A mechanical suction device, used to lift segments of a tunnel into position.

Vitreous enamel panels Aesthetic panels used to line tunnels after fireproofing etc. The main purpose is to provide an easy to clean external finish to the tunnel, they are also used to maximise reflected light within the tunnel.

Volume loss This is the volume of the settlement trough and is usually expressed as a percentage of the tunnel face area. Volume loss is the result of convergence and face loss (movement of the walls and face of the tunnel respectively) in the tunnel.

Waterproof membrane
A skin provided external to the immersed tunnel to improve the water tightness of concrete. The membrane may be of steel or other more flexible materials.

Wedgeblock (lining)
The lining used is of an expanded type. The expanded lining or wedge block technique has been developed for impermeable cohesive soils with a stand-up time of several hours (such as the over-consolidated London clay).

Reference: tunnelforum.com

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Accelerator A substance added to concrete/shotcrete to accelerate setting. Adit A tunnel driven from ground surface to provide access to or drainage from underground workings; a length of tunnel driven for an exploration - exploration adit.

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SAP(Super Absorbent Polymer) is able to absorb pure water that amounts to several hundred times its weight. It is mainly used for sanitary items such as diapers for babies and adults and sanitary pads for women. Its application is expanding into areas such as the cold insulation/heat retention pack, soil reforming agent for agriculture, food package, etc.

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How are new subway tunnels constructed underneath a busy city like Barcelona, Spain? This promotional animation demonstrates how a tunnel boring machine-specifically a Herrenknecht TBM with an Earth Pressure Balance Shield-excavated a 3.6 kilometer (2.24 mile) long line extension between Barcelona's and Zona Universitària metro stations:

In order to avoid any damage to the sensitive buildings, subsidence, heave and vibrations must be avoided at all cost. In addition, the impact on traffic above ground must remain as small as possible. The S-442 is a classic EPB machine with an outer diameter of 12.06 meters and a total length of 95 meters. With its rotating cutting wheel, the tunneling machine breaks the material from the tunnel phase. The material is then transferred to the belt conveyer system in the rear of the shield via a screw conveyer while the hydraulic cylinders press the machine forward continuously.

The reinforced concrete segments, known as lining segments, are installed under the protection of the shield's skin. When the ring building has been completed, the machine can push itself against the new tunnel ring and drill further into the soil.

The video above was posted by San Francisco's Central Subway Project YouTube channel in 2011.

Next, more incredible engineering projects: A monster-sized bridge building machine in action, annotated time lapse assembly of a wind turbine, and The Ingenious Design of the Aluminum Beverage Can.

Thanks, @akent.

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How does a tunnel boring machine work? - The Kid Should See This

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How are new subway tunnels constructed underneath a busy city like Barcelona, Spain? This promotional animation demonstrates how a tunnel boring machine-specifically a Herrenknecht TBM with an Earth Pressure Balance Shield-excavated a 3.6 kilometer (2.24 mile) long line extension between Barcelona's Gornal and Zona Universitària metro stations: In order to avoid any damage to the...

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How a Tunnel-Boring Machine Drills Underground

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Video courtesy of CDM/HMM Joint Venture - For engineering enthusiasts and anyone who's interested in the mechanics of siphon construction, this animation shows exactly how the 110-ton, 300-foot-long tunnel boring machine will drill a distance of nearly two miles, 100 feet beneath the New York Harbor seabed.

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What are they?

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For plants

As the type of superabsorbent polymer for plants, it is a unique superabsorbent granule, which acts to provide increased moisture availability to plants.

Important indicator as follows,

Absorbing capacity in soil;

Granular size;

The photolysis resistance;

Period of validity.

For hygiene products

With its awesome properties of liquid-absorption and locking it has finds very useful application in products prone to moisture like:

Important indicator as follows,

Absorbent rate;

Absorption under pressure and retention capacity after centrifugation;

Liquid Permeability;

Residual Monomer.

For miscellaneous industrial products

With each passing day, SAP is being employed in more and more industries and applications due to its increasing popularity and efficiency in water deterrence.

Some applications as follows,
For waterproofing cables
SAP is a highly coveted product as far as the manufacture of water-proof tapes and ointments for all sorts of cables are concerned; even, optical fiber cables use SAP. The extent and the speed of absorption is quite high and so are the overall inflation rate and its quantum of inflation upon encountering water.

Important indicator as follows,
In Ice Bags
Fresh water is directed at the individual sheets of ice packs to activate them; Superabsorbent Polymer instantly starts absorbing the water and converting it to a Gel by placing them under fresh tap water; in about 20 minutes time it is seen to soak up enough water to form small cushion-shaped Ice Cubes. They are now ready for use by placing in the freezer.

Important indicator as follows,
Inflatable Anti-Flood Sandbags
SAP has this unique application in Disaster Management where it is used in preparing sandbags which, when coming in contact with water, quickly absorb it and expand to form a barrier to the advancing water. Though we call them Sandbags, they actually do not contain any sand; they are so called because that is how they have been known traditionally.

These Sand-less Sandbags are quite small in size and light in weight initially but they soak up the water to assume a solid shape. They are much easier to store and transport and take up lesser space when unused.

Important indicator as follows,

Absorbent rate;

The photolysis resistance.

Concrete Protection

Its permeability happens to be quite low; it totally shuts out the water content,

Due to its fibrous texture, it can be stored to form a vertical barrier,

Since it is an effective sealant, it finds application in Cement-base items.

Other Applications
It finds extensive usage in a number of specific of products due to its amazing properties; some of them may be listed here:

As an additive for functional coating in many specific applications,

As an additive in Air fresheners,

For expanding rubber requirements,

Absorption of waste waters from industries,

In the mining industry for disaster management and normal seepages,

In certain cosmetics.

Due to its awesome capacity to act on moisture, SAP (Superabsorbent Polymer) is finding newer purposes for which it is being employed.

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This page is about superabsorbent polymer, slush powder, potassium polyacrylate, sodium polyacrylate, SAP. Brief introduction The origins of superabsorbent polymer chemistry trace back to the early 1960s when the U.S. Department of Agriculture developed the first super absorbent polymer materials.

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Kiara Nirghin - GSF 2016 Global Finalist

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Debating

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New topic Technology that helps Brainstorming mind map

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What is the most useful innovative technology according to you?

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What is the most useful innovative technology according to you?

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HyO-Cups Startup Is Growing Disposable Biodegradable Cups | NowThis

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How to understand how it works...

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Resource Overview

Sellafield's interactive 'Energy Coast' resource enables pupils to investigate different methods of electricity generation, through an online problem-solving game. Featuring animated insights into the science behind nuclear, wind, hydro, tidal and solar power, it's a brilliant way to get your class engaged with renewable energy!
Sellafield Ltd Sustainability

Curriculum Objectives

Computing Key Stage 2 (Age 7-11)

Use technology safely, respectfully and responsibly; recognise acceptable/unacceptable behaviour; identify a range of ways to report concerns about content and contact.

Key Stage 2 (Age 7-11)

Name and locate counties/cities of the United Kingdom, geographical regions and their identifying human and physical characteristics, key topographical features, and land-use patterns; and understand geographical change over time.

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Sellafield's interactive 'Energy Coast' resource enables pupils to investigate different methods of electricity generation, through an online problem-solving game. Featuring animated insights into the science behind nuclear, wind, hydro, tidal and solar power, it's a brilliant way to get your class engaged with renewable energy!