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Elongated crushing pre-molar and molar teeth

Heavy limbs

Claws

Typically solitary

Nocurnal , but may be active during the day a well

Generally take shelters in caves and hollows

Polar bears are excellent swimmers

Hibernate in winter

Omnivors

May eat fruits and insect larvae

Eat vertebrates when they can, honey, seeds, nuts, tubers, fish, and eggs.

Polar bears are the most carnivorous species, preying mainly on seal species, but including fish, small mammals, birds and their eggs, and will scavenge carcasses of whales, walruses, and seals

The Bears diet depends on its habitat

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Polar Bear Embryo

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Giant Panda Embryo

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Both Bears and many other species in the Animal Kingdom have a similar forearm structure. Animals in the Felidae family and the ursidea family have a similar structure for forearms.  While animals like cheetahs in the felidea family use these forearms for speed when running animals like the sun bear in the ursidea family use their strong forearms for climbing.

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Both embryo’s look almost the same, but the nose of the polar bear embryo is longer than the pandas , which makes sence because naturally polar bears have longer snouts.

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There are studies being preformed that is showing a relation between polar bears and brown bears.  It is believed that at the end of the last ice age, a population of polar bears were stranded by the receding ice on a few islands in southeastern Alaska. Male brown bears swam across to the islands from the Alaskan mainland and mated with female polar bears, eventually transforming the polar bear population into brown bears.  The findings revealed ideas about the evolutionary history of the two species, which are closely related and known to produce fertile hybrids.

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Cave bear fossil
24,000 years old

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1. Name of fossil: South American Short-Faced Bear

Largest bear fossil found

500,000 - 2 million years old

Found in Quaternary period

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Darwin's Theory of Descent with Modification and Natural Selection

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Darwin's Theory of Descent with Modification and Natural Selection

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Over the years the bear species has changes into many different species. The Polar bear species, for example, has gone through decent with modification. The color of the bear fur has been changing, while some bears are more yellow and some are pure white. Also polar bears diverged from a common ancestor from all bears, but evolved to have a longer head. Both of these traits are the selected trait because they help survival. Bears with more narrow heads are able to reach down in seals air holes in the ice to obtain food. As well as pure white fur because those with pure white fur are able to hide from predators.

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1. Name of fossil:Pygmy

2. From 2-3 MYA

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1. Name of fossil: ancestor of modern bears
Found in tertiary period

Found 3.5 MYA

This fossil had severe cavities and was found in Canada

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It is concluded that polar bears split off from brown bears between 343,000 and 479,000 years ago.  That may seem like a long time, but it is just a blink of an eye for evolution. The most distinctive polar bear genes include many related to fat processing and to the development of the heart and circulatory system.  There evolution of the ursidae family is quite complex, and not totally figured out, but it is believed that with the two species separating and interbreeding multiple times, created the split into multiple species due to the isolation.

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Polar Bear Fossil
110,000-130,000 years old

Found in Quaternary Period

A jaw bone found , possibly from a female polar bear

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There is a strong ancestral gene flow between the black bear and the ancestor to polar, brown and American black bear explains uncertainties in reconstructing the bear phylogeny. Gene flow across the bears may be mediated by intermediate species such as the geographically brown bears leading to large amounts of phylogenetic conflict. The isolation of the ursidae family maintain species divergence in the face of gene flow.

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Scientists have investigated nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region to describe natural genetic variations and to assess the relationships between sub populations of the brown bear Ursus arctos on Hokkaido Island, Japan. They use the polymerase chain reaction product-direct sequencing technique.  Most of the phylogenetically close haplotypes within each group were distributed geographically close to each other.  Such mitochondrial DNA divergence in each group could have occurred after the brown bears migrated from the continent to Hokkaido and became fixed in the different areas.

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1. Habitat: Inhabiting bamboo forests in the mountains of central China

2. Physical Characteristics: Black and white, bulky body, round face

3. Behavioral Characteristics: Must eat 26-86 lbs of bamboo daily. Very solitary, typically eats and and roaming

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It is believed that all bears started around the same area but soon parted. Now different species of bear are found in different areas of the world, with different traits. For example polar bears are able to survive in the arctic areas while pandas area more equipped for a cool wet forest area.

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1. Habitat; large range in the arctic circle, cold areas

2. Physical Characteristics: extremely large (772-1433 lbs), around 9-10 ft long, slender bodies, a long head and neck, color: pure white- light brown, hind limbs are longer and stronger,

3. Behavioral Characteristics: Hunt, mate, and den.  Strong swimmers, do not hibernate in winter, quite solitary other than mating and caring for cubs in early life.

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1. Habitat: Tropical forest of SE Asia.

2. Physical Characteristics:   4.5 ft long, 100 lbs, short sleek black fur with an orange/yellow horse shoe shape color on chest, have loose skin, strong legs,  long tongue.

3. Behavioral Characteristics Solitary, excellent climbers, claws and canine teeth for protections, love honey

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How Taxonomy Alone Can Give Information Regarding the Relatedness of Different Species

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How Taxonomy Alone Can Give Information Regarding the Relatedness of Different Species

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The taxonomy classification can give information regarding the relatedness of different species by telling how similar the different levels of taxonomy are. For example all of the bears have the same kingdom, phylum, class, order, and family, but different genus and species, showing they are very close in relation.