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Less than full-time work or work that does not utilize a person's skills.

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In economic geography and central place theory, the minimum market needed to support the supply of a product or service.

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The population required to make provision of services economically feasible.

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Movement of upper and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions.

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An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

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When a person, country, or region works on making one part of an item.

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The separation or isolation of a race, class, or group.

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Provision in a property deed preventing sale to a person of a particular race or religion; loan discrimination; ruled unconstitutional.

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Illegal practice of refusing to make mortgage loans or issue insurance policies in specific areas for reasons other than economic qualifications.

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A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement

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A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy.

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A city in which global finances and the electronic flow of information dominate the economy.

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An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

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An aggregation or continuous network of urban communities.

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An extensive concentration of urbanized settlement formed by a coalescence of several metropolitan areas.

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Cities with more than 10 million people.

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Urban area around the CBD; typically poorer and more run down in the US and other long-developed states

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The stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area.

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The portion of an economy largely outside government control in which employees work without contracts or benefits; self-employed, low-wage jobs that are virtually unregulated and not taxed.

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A center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a country.

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Surrounding area served by an urban center.

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A ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

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Growth to a global or worldwide scale.

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A poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions.

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The restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class resulting in the displacement of lower-income people.

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Because of their geographic location, they act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic area.

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A slum community in a Brazilian city.

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a port where merchandise can be imported and re-exported without paying import duties.

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Cities of the ancient world.

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Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment.

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The social process in which population and industry moves from urban centers to outlying districts.

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Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

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The outer most zone of the Concentric Zone Model that represents people who choose to live in residential suburbia and take a daily commute in the CBD to work.

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Marketing a product; The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity.

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City established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. Often they were established on already existing native cities, completely overtaking their infrastructures.

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Small country subdivisions, usually containing between 2,500 and 8,000 persons, delineated by the US Census Bureau as areas of relatively uniform population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions.

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The downtown heart of a central city, the CBD is marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings.

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A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood.

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The price and demand for real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District increases.

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Squatter settlements found in the periphery of Latin American cities.

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Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.