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Thomas Hooker was a pastor who came to America in 1633, landing in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He disagreed with the rules in the Bay Colony that restricted voting rights to members of the church. Hooker believed that all people should be able to have a say in who was elected leader, regardless of their religious views.

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The Separatists were a strict Puritan sect within English Protestantism. United by their dislike of the Church of England, the Separatists wanted to either do away with the Church or sever all ties with it. The Separatists’ arguments with the Church of England were straightforward: too many elements of Roman Catholicism remained in the Protestant Church, and the Church wasn’t enforcing religious beliefs forcibly enough. The Separatists felt persecuted within their own country.

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Roger Williams was an English colonist who founded the colony of Rhode Island. He was born in England and came to America in 1631.

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Peter Stuyvesant was the son of a Calvinist minister and a director in the Dutch West India Company. In 1645, he was named Director General of all Dutch colonies in North America and the Caribbean. This included the colony of New Netherland, located in what is now New York State. When Stuyvesant arrived in the colony’s capital city of New Amsterdam in 1647, he found the colony in a weak state. He immediately began issuing rules and regulations. For example, he regulated taverns and exposed smuggling operations. The people of New Netherland had been accustomed to ineffective leaders, and they found Stuyvesant’s manner arrogant and his decrees harsh. Nevertheless, they worked with him to establish the city’s first municipal government in 1653.

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John Rolfe was a colonial official and planter who played a vital role in the economic success of the Jamestown colony. In the early years of the Jamestown settlement, the colony failed to yield any profits for the investors, the Virginia Company of London. In 1612, finding that the local tobacco he had encountered in Virginia was too bitter, Rolfe began to cultivate seeds he had obtained in the West Indies. The crop thrived in Virginia and enjoyed large-scale exports to England. It was a huge cash crop for the colony. The economic success of Rolfe’s tobacco helped to stabilize the once struggling colony.

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Like many other early American colonists, Anne Hutchinson was born in England. She came to America in 1634 and settled with her husband and children in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Hutchinson had her own beliefs about religion. She felt that a relationship with God was a personal one and that you didn’t need to go to church to maintain that relationship.

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The Virginia Company was the English company that founded the colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.

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A staple crop is a crop that is most commonly grown in a particular region. Staple crops can be food sources that are used to feed a great number of people, such as rice in China. They can also be commercial crops that are used to support trade, such as tobacco in Cuba.

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The term Protestant Church refers to several different sects of Christianity that began to split off from the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation, which took place in the 1500s. The Reformation was a protest against abuses in the Catholic Church. It led to the creation of numerous new churches, known as Protestant churches.

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The word pilgrim means someone who takes a long journey, usually to a religious site—a journey known as a pilgrimage. In U.S. history Pilgrims refers to the group of English men, women, and children who sailed from England to the Netherlands and then to Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620.

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Mercantilism is an economic theory that was practiced by European powers from the 1500s to the 1700s. Nations that practiced mercantilism believed that a nation could become more powerful if it followed certain economic principles. One of these principles was accumulating wealth in the form of precious metals like gold and silver. These metals were used as currency. The other important principle of mercantilism was having a favorable balance of trade. That meant that a country sold more goods to other countries than it brought in from other countries.

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The Mayflower Compact was a document drawn up by the Pilgrims who sailed to Plymouth on the Mayflower. It was signed on November 21, 1620, before the Pilgrims landed and left their ship. Those who signed the document agreed that they would form a government and follow any laws that were agreed upon for the “general good of the colony.” Forty-one men, nearly all of the ship’s male passengers, signed the document.

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The Massachusetts Bay Company was the British joint-stock company that founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

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Imagine for a moment the amount of work that would be involved in setting up a colony on a distant land. You would have to transport people and goods over long distances. You would need to earn a living in the colony, so you would need farming equipment or other tools. You also might be required to make several trips back to the home country to stock up on supplies. These were the realities that European countries faced when they considered starting colonies in North America.

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The Dutch West India Company was a trading company. It had a monopoly on trade with Africa, the Americas, and every place in between.

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Economists use the term commodity to refer to a particular kind of good. Commodities are usually agricultural products, minerals, or other raw materials. They are different from other goods because the price that people will pay for a commodity is usually the same no matter where it comes from.

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A colony is an area of land or a settlement that is ruled by another country.

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The Church of England has been the official church in England for for about 450 years.

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Vaquero is the Spanish word for a cattle herder, and vaqueros in Mexico were the first cowboys in North America.

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The triangular trade was a series of transatlantic trade routes that—when plotted on a map—roughly resembled triangles.

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The forced migration of millions of captured and enslaved people from Africa to the Americas.

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Trade is the exchange of goods and services by sale.

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A mission is an organized effort by Christians to spread their religious faith.

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The Middle Passage was a term used to describe the middle part of an enslaved person’s journey from Africa to the Americas.

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An epidemic is an outbreak of an infectious disease that affects an unusually large number of people and lasts for a long time.

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An indentured servant is a worker who agrees to provide a service for a specified time in return for some form of payment.

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The term environment refers to the physical surroundings in which plants, animals, and humans live. Different locations have different environments.

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The encomienda was the system that the Spanish government used to try to control Native Americans in the American colonies in the 1500s.

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The conquistadors were powerful soldiers on a mission to gain wealth and territory for the nation of Spain by conquering other peoples.

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one-fourth of a circle.

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a person who supports with money, gifts or efforts.

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a water route between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans along the northern coast of North America.

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To openly disobey or fight the leaders in charge.

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Being or relating to a rig used especially on the north coast of Africa and characterized by a triangular sail.

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A journey for a specific purpose.

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A person who is out to conquer new territory.

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A device having a magnetic needle that indicates direction on the earth's surface by pointing toward the north.

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To go completely around, especially by water.

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Any of several sailing ships specifically : a small 15th and 16th century ship that has broad bows, high narrow poop, and usually three masts.

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a compact instrument used to observe and calculate the position of celestial bodies.

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According to the beliefs of Native American cultures in the Pacific Northwest and parts of Canada, a totem is a guardian or ancestor that watches over people.

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A tepee was a cone-shaped tent used by some Native American groups for shelter. This type of housing was most common in the Plains region of the United States.

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Pueblo comes from the Spanish word for “village.” The Pueblo Indian emerged around 100 CE. This group settled in the region that spanned from central Utah to northern Mexico. One important cultural legacy of the group was the creation of stone buildings known as pueblos.

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Natural resources are substances, materials, and living things that occur on or within the earth and that have economic value.

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A longhouse was a type of home that a number of different Native American tribes built, especially tribes who lived in the forests of the Northeast.

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A Kiva is a special sacred building, usually built underground, that is used for spiritual ceremonies, religious rituals and ceremonial preparations

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The Iroquois League was a group of five Indian nations, including the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca.

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An empire is a large group of territories and people who are ruled by a single leader or nation.

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A family of American Indian languages spoken by people from Newfoundland and Labrador to North Carolina and westward into the Great Plains.

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The system of checks and balances is used to keep the government from getting too powerful in one branch.

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The act of amending or correcting.

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It put limits on what the government could do and control.

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Making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming.

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A compromise is a way of settling differences by everybody making concessions.

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The system of rules and the people who make and administer them is known as a government.

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The system of rules and the people who make and administer them is known as a government.