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Set melody on which a piece was based on - a medieval chant that would be used as the (melodic) basis of a motet etc.

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Music conveying a scene, mood, story, or emotion

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Clavichord - Strings hit by tiny wedges of metal

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For organ or harpsichord
Italian word ‘touch’
Requires rapid finger-work

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"A song for instruments"

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Many instruments from a family
Whole Consort: Instruments from one family
Broken Consort: Mixture of instruments from different families

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Call and response
Stereophonic

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Music for more than one choir
For example, pieces by Giovanni Gabrieli

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Counterpart of the motet (sung in English)

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Vivid music illustrations of the meaning of certain words

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Sometimes danced as well as sung. Lighter than a madrigal proper. Mainly chordal texture Strophic- two or more verses set to the same music (as in hymn)

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Secular song, mostly sung.
Proper madrigal- Renaissance era.

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An English madrigal that is played by usually a solo voice and instruments

Eg. Lute Ayre

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During the renaissance modes were still used but 'accidentals' - 'musica ficta

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German hymn tune

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When one voice part introduces a melody that is copied by another voice and so on....

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Polyphonic texture often using imitation
It has counterpoint
It is contrapuntal

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1450-1600

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Susato 1500-1564
Josquin (between Medieval & Renaissance)
Palestrina
Gabrieli
Monteverdi
Thomas Weelkes
John Dowland (ayres)
Thomas Tallis

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French courtly dance sometimes formed into a miniature ballet

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Crumhorn (alto, tenor)
Viele (like a cello)
Lute (stringed instrument)

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Where the chords are within the key of the section/piece.

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eg. melody made of 8 bars divided as 4 + 4. Antedecent is the first 4 bars followed by the consequent 4 bars.

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- Many great songs were composed by the troubadours in the 12th and 13th centuries

- The troubadours were the aristocratic poet musicians of southern France, and the trouveres their counterpoints in the north.

- Both were finders or inventors of melodies and poems

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15th Century first half, he copied the style of composers from England. One of his modes called "How fair thou art". The melody, harmony and rhythm ll flow smoothly to give a rich, sonotous texture. The voiceparts in note against note style are carefully blended in any discords are planned rather than allowed to occur by chance.

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(1300-1377) Ars Nova musician, French composer. Many of his pieces are based on borrowed plainchant. He wrote many motets and chansons. His most important composition "Messe de Nortre Dame" (Mass of our Lady). It is a mixture of both plainchant and free composition. He was the earliest composer to complete polyphonic setting of the Mass.

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Tenor notes would usually be arranged according to a short rhythmic pattern.

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Rhythms based on regular patterns borrowed from poetry.

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12th Century, Principal voice became known as a tenor, above the long held tenor notes a higher voice moved freely in flowing notes of shorter value. This voice showed use of melisma

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Tenor moving in rhythm, using notes of the segment of the chant at a faster rate

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- Style originated in France and Italy at the beginning of the 14th century
- Polished and expressive

- Rhythms are more flexible, adventurous, and uses rhythmic counterpoint
- Phrases begin with bare sounding chords consisting of fourths, fifths, and octaves

Guillaume de Machaut was one of the most famous composers of this style

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composed by adding successive layers of adding words or layers.

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- Hurdy-Gurdy
-Citole
-Fiddle
-Psaltery

https://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/instrumt.html

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Medieval technique, Isorhythm is a lengthy rhythmic pattern which is repeated over and over throughout the piece.

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13th century → upper parts of clausulae provided with independant words - the duplum → “motetus” (meaning: words)
For performance outside of church - secular

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Single melody line, monophonic texture (sung in unison) with irregular rhythms

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Came after Leonin; choir-master at Notre Dame - made additions and alterations to organa- e.g. adding triplum (3rd part) and quadruplum (4th) to an organum duplum, composed many clausulae (sections of the music with discants inside)

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Composed many organa based on chants belonging to important festivals of the church year, such as Christmas or Easter

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11th Century, Organal voice above the principle voice, it moves in oblique and similar motion.

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Original Organum, Where the Organal voice copies the principal voice at an interval of either a forth or a fifth below.

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Medieval technique. Melody broken up into very short phrases, sometimes separate notes with rests between. It is usually shared between 2 voices or instruments, resulting in a lively, syncopated dialogue.

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Second part in quicker notes

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World fusion is the fusion of international music. It can also be a fusion of jazz, pop or western art music with ethnic, traditional, non-western or new music.

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2/3 clave, montuno piano part, conga, bongos, timbale, syncopated, guitar, fusion of African and Cuban rhythms along with European-based harmony. Son developed in the early 1900s in rural Cuba, before moving to the cities in the 1930s. Salsa developed from Son. Sierra Maestra are one of the most famous Cuban bands.

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A phrase that repeats itself, usually in the same pitch.

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Developing a theme through compositional techniques such as augmentation/diminution , changing the rhythm, transposing etc.

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Special system of scales using only "white keys" (e.g. Dorian mode is D to D without "black keys")

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Melody

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An accordion type instrument that was popular in Uruguay and Argentina. Used in tango ensembles mainly in 1910

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Notes that clash harmonically.

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Notes that are belonging to a major or minor key, eg. opposite of dissonance.

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A major or minor triad in which each note is played individually

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Change of the key

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2 tonalities occurring at the same time.

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Two or more independent parts having a melody of their own, being played at the same time.

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Texture where there is a melody and accompaniment or melody and accompaniment are playing rhythmically together and harmonically together.

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A single melodic line without harmonies or melody in counterpoint

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A piece that has a change in time signature, eg. 3/4 --> 4/4

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Accented off beat rhythms

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Moves a semitone up every note. Eg. C-C#-D-D#-E-F-F#-G-G#-A-Bb-B-C