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What is the current trend in the regards to the availability of business in suburbs and how does this affect business in cities?

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What is the current trend in the regards to the availability of business in suburbs and how does this affect business in cities?

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What is the order of the groups that census data is broken down into from largest to smallest?

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What is the order of the groups that census data is broken down into from largest to smallest?

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Latin American suburbs can display the characteristics typical of what two countries' suburbs?

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Latin American suburbs can display the characteristics typical of what two countries' suburbs?

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What concept describes the process of when a wealthy family sells its house to a less-wealthy family of a different ethnic group, who then divides the house into two units?

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What concept describes the process of when a wealthy family sells its house to a less-wealthy family of a different ethnic group, who then divides the house into two units?

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(A) functional zonation
(B) filtering
(C) zoning
(D) urban planning
(E) density gradient

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Which best explains why European central business districts have largely resisted the construction of skyscrapers and the resulting impressive skylines that typify American cities?

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Which best explains why European central business districts have largely resisted the construction of skyscrapers and the resulting impressive skylines that typify American cities?

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(A) Competition for  valuable commercial space is not as keen in European cities as it is in the United States.
(B) European culture prefers lower buildings and has negative attitudes toward commercialism and skyscrapers.
(C) The centers of European cities contain many historically significant buildings that leaders chose to preserve.
(D) The European Union regulates the heights of buildings and has forbidden tall buildings because of safety concerns.
(E) European cities tend to have stronger mass transit systems, so people do not need to be as concentrated in CBDs.

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Social area analysis: Uses qualitative and quantitative data in order to gain an overall understanding of the lives and characteristics of people living within an urban area.

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Social area analysis: Uses qualitative and quantitative data in order to gain an overall understanding of the lives and characteristics of people living within an urban area.

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Census block: The subdivision of block groups which are divided from census tracts.

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Census block: The subdivision of block groups which are divided from census tracts.

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-May be very small in densely populated areas, consisting of a single block bounded by four streets.
-Cover larger areas in places with lower population densities, such as suburban and rural areas.

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Census Tracts: Contiguous geographic regions that function as the building blocks of a census.

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Census Tracts: Contiguous geographic regions that function as the building blocks of a census.

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-Urban areas in many countries are divided into these.
-A census tract usually consists of between 4,000 and 12,000 people in the U,S.
-A tract is divided into block groups which is further divided into blocks.

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-The data collected in the nationwide census conducted every ten years as well as in smaller data-gathering projects provide a picture of where people live, their incomes, family sizes, and other details.
-This information is valuable to researchers and businesses trying to identify goods and services that people desire..
-U.S. census data is available at many scales.
-City governments also collect qualitative data which comes from surveys and field studies conducted in the urban area.
-Qualitative data gather information about how individuals and communities feel about urban growth, zoning changes, local government, crime rates, and anything else that may affect the lives of people.

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Unincorporated areas: Populated regions that do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality.

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Unincorporated areas: Populated regions that do not fall within the legal boundary of any city or municipality.

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-Services and administration are usually provided by a nearby municipality through some higher division of civil government such as a county, borough, parish, or province.
-These areas may consider annexation by an existing city or incorporation as their own city over time.

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Special districts: Created by cities to attempt to solve a specific need, such as public transportation, over a larger region.

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Special districts: Created by cities to attempt to solve a specific need, such as public transportation, over a larger region.

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-Ex. Colorado has created a regional transportation district, or authority, that includes Denver and surrounding areas to facilitate mass transit for the multiple communities in the region.

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Consolidation: The act of combining city and county governments.

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Consolidation: The act of combining city and county governments.

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-It is one solution to legal fragmentation.
-Certain elements of government are handled jointly across numerous separate municipalities while other elements of local government continue to be handled by individual municipalities.

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-The jigsaw of interlocking municipalities in metropolitan areas due to population growth, urban expansion, and incorporation maes coordination of regional issues such as the development of roads and other infrastructure difficult. This creates legal fragmentation.

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Bedroom communities: Commuter suburbs within a larger metro area.

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Bedroom communities: Commuter suburbs within a larger metro area.

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-Occur when peripheral municipalities are only cities in legal and political considerations and lack a real CBD of their own.

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Incorporation: The act of legally joining together to form a new city.

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Incorporation: The act of legally joining together to form a new city.

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-Occurs when residents living beyond the legal boundaries of the city don't want to become part of the central city.
-Can occur because the newly created is smaller and political representation is more "local" than if the residents opted for annexation.

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Annexation: The process of adding land to a city's legally defined territory.

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Annexation: The process of adding land to a city's legally defined territory.

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-Generally requires a vote by residents of the affected area.

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-Cities have expanded physically.
-When the newly settled areas move beyond the legal boundaries of a city, the inhabitants may be left without political representation or services from the city.

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Municipality: Refers to a local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction.

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Municipality: Refers to a local entity that is all under the same jurisdiction.

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-In essence, it is one way of referring to the political and legal aspect of a city

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Municipal: Refers to the local government, or the services provided by the government, of a city or town.

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Municipal: Refers to the local government, or the services provided by the government, of a city or town.

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-Ex. A mayor and a city council make up the core of the municipal government, and a local water supply is the municipal water supply.

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Suburbanization of business: The movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees shorter.

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Suburbanization of business: The movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees shorter.

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-As a result of this, many cities have faced declines in job opportunities, consumer choices, and services.

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Big-box retail store: A retail store that occupies an enormous amount of physical space and offers a variety of products to its customers. 

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Big-box retail store: A retail store that occupies an enormous amount of physical space and offers a variety of products to its customers. 

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-Ex. Walmart, Home Depot, Ikea...
-Have seen an increase in success in suburbs

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Gated communities: Planned neighborhoods in order to control access and aesthetics within the community. They are fenced (or even walled) in with a limited number of streets going in and out.

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Gated communities: Planned neighborhoods in order to control access and aesthetics within the community. They are fenced (or even walled) in with a limited number of streets going in and out.

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-Landscaping, housing styles, and other visual elements of the community are strictly regulated.

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Invasion and succession: The process by which one social group gradually replaces another through filtering.

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Invasion and succession: The process by which one social group gradually replaces another through filtering.

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Filtering: A process where houses pass from one social group to another.

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Filtering: A process where houses pass from one social group to another.

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-Can include changing the use of a house, ex. single-family home divided into two houses or replaced by apartments
-Usually the most noticeable when an ethnic enclave neighborhood changes from one group to another.

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Residential Land Use Outside North America

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Residential Land Use Outside North America

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- Outside of the United States and Canada, the residential density gradient doesn't usually decrease the farther one goes from the CBD.
- Population density tends to increase in the suburbs even though land is more plentiful. For example, European suburbs have more people than European cities.
- In Latin America the suburbs may display the typical pattern of the United States, with single-family houses and low densities, and also suburbs similar to Europe with high-rise apartments.
-The poorest residents in Latin America live in very densely populated squatter settlements called favelas.
-In Latin America and regions throughout the rest of the world gated communities are becoming increasingly common because of their popularity with wealthy urban elites.

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-Neighborhoods change over time when the wealthy move to new homes and are replaced as the less wealthy move in.
-Creates a ripple effect down the social scale.
-Filtering can include changing the use of a house, ex. single-family home divided into two houses or replaced by apartments.
-The rise of gated communities is an example of change in suburbs and occasionally in cities.
-Suburbs see an increase in the availability of business with a marked growth in the size and number of stores.
-Ex. strip malls and shopping malls have become common, offices and business services have moved to suburbs

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-A city is a political entity.

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Residential Density Gradient: The variation of population and housing density the further away you get from inner cities.

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Residential Density Gradient: The variation of population and housing density the further away you get from inner cities.

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-The type of housing changes the further away you are from inner cities along with the density of housing units.

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Residential Zones: Those areas of a city devoted to where people live rather than to commercial or industrial functions.

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Residential Zones: Those areas of a city devoted to where people live rather than to commercial or industrial functions.

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-Zoning sets limits on the density and sizes of houses in specific zones, creating different neighborhoods that appeal to different people.
-It can also be used to prevent socioeconomic diversity or ethnic diversity in a neighborhood.
-In North America, residential areas surrounding the Central Business District (CBD) are known as the inner city.
-Inner city has the highest population density, apartment buildings, and townhomes.
-Suburbs characterized by individual single-family houses, usually homogeneous in size and style.
-Old suburban houses that have been torn down to build newer, larger houses are called McMansions. Don't conform to style of other homes in neighborhood.