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Uto-Aztencan consists of 30 languages.

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For further reading - Accompanying Shelf Life article The Language Detectives

In another collaboration with AMNH colleague, Dr. Ward Wheeler (Curator, Invertebrate Zoology), Dr. Whiteley has been studying historical relationships among languages, beginning with Uto-Aztecan languages of Middle and North America, using genetic methods developed in the field of evolutionary biology.

In 1971, a linguist named Morris Swadesh published a list of words most resistant to cross-cultural change. The list, now referred to as the Swadesh list (there are two primary versions, of 100 and 200 words), has been used to reconstruct genealogical relationships among the languages in a language family.

With the phylogenetic software POY, Whiteley and Wheeler systematically compare cognate words as sequences of sounds (phonemes). Where available, they also analyze grammatical (morphological and syntactic) data.

Their paper Historical Linguistics as a Sequence Optimization Problem: the Evolution and Biogeography of Uto-Aztecan Languages appeared in Cladistics (Early View 5-13-2014).

Note: PDF/Excel files are made available on condition that downloads will be strictly reserved to private research use.

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For further reading - Accompanying Shelf Life article The Language Detectives In another collaboration with AMNH colleague, Dr. Ward Wheeler (Curator, Invertebrate Zoology), Dr. Whiteley has been studying historical relationships among languages, beginning with Uto-Aztecan languages of Middle and North America, using genetic methods developed in the field of evolutionary biology.

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In this ritual you will see people dancing and playing the drums. They also have many feathers which are decorative accessories. They do this to express themselves its also called "Spiritual Life Style."

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The Uto-Aztencan didn't have much in religion but they did believe in the land and how it had power and how they worship the land.

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There isn't many Uto-Aztencan, however they were found in Western United States, Mexico.

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In this tribe there was many symbols to represent animals and tools. One is a flint stone which kind of looks like a surf board with a line on the edge, although there is no image of the flint knife by its self but here is one but with other symbols.

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"Wa'ha ma'ma'u," and this means, "Two Women." Uto-Aztecan has many versions of language and how its said.

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Start off by using a small bowl putting in 3/4 cup of flour, then you combine 1/2 teaspoon of baking powder and 1/4 teaspoon of salt. Stir in 1/3 of hot water until the dough is soft. Cover it then let it stand for an hour.
While you are waiting for the dough take a small skillet cook 1/2 pound lean ground beef over medium for about 10 minutes until it is no longer pink;drain. Then stir the meat into 2 teaspoons of taco seasoning and 1/3 cups of water then lit it simmer.
Take the dough out and divide it in half and roll each portion into 4 inch circle. In an electric skillet put oil in the skillet and heat it to 350 degrees. Put the dough into the pan and wait 3-4 minutes until golden brown. Next let the oil drain into a paper towel. Enjoy with lettuce, salsa, sour cream, tomato, etc. Your choice!

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From Ponca City, Oklahoma, LaDonna Reed writes, "Our son-in-law is half Comanche and half Kiowa, and this recipe is similar to one he uses. I downsized it for two."

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In California they used baskets, sifters, and fish traps. They would use clam shells and bird feathers to decorate these baskets.

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They used redwood for their homes they also used elk and deer antlers to make tools. They used grass, other plants, and sometimes leather for clothing.

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In California people built different types of homes depending on where they settled at. Although they mostly used large slabs of redwood to cone their homes.

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The people that lived in northern California relied aquatic invertebrates, shellfish, Besides the food from the coast, off coast they hunt deer, gather berries, roots, and pine nuts. They also make traps for ducks and sneers for rabbits. In the fall the women would go out to collect acorns.

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Summers are hot and dry, also the ocean storms bring winter rain. The California region also has the coast, coastal foothills, an inland valley, deserts, and the western side of the Sierra Nevada mountain range.