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Description: Affirmative action is the policy of protecting members of groups that are known to have previously suffered from discrimination. Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has sought to achieve goals such as bridging inequalities in employment and pay, increasing access to education, promoting diversity, and redressing apparent past wrongs, harms, or hindrances.

California v. Bakke: Bakke decision, formally Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, ruling in which, on June 28, 1978, the U.S Supreme Court declared affirmative action unconstitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas.

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About: A United States federal law that, prior to being ruled unconstitutional, defined marriage for federal purposes as the union of one man and one woman, and allowed states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states.
Impact on Gay Rights:
Despite the Court's ruling, unresolved issues remain both at the federal and state levels. Issues may arise for couples that are married in a state that recognizes same-sex marriage and then move or travel to a state that does not. Some of these issues may arise when the couple is in the process of ending their relationship.

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About: Policy refers to the U.S. military's 'don't ask, don't tell' policy that prohibits anyone who demonstrates a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts from serving in the armed forces. The reason for prohibition was that it would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are the essence of military capability.

Impact of Gay Rights: From that point on, gay men and women have been able to serve their country openly, honestly, and, for the first time, without punishment.

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About: Landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension sodomy law in thirteen other stats, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.

Impact on Gay Rights: Sex-crime laws flourish, and there are today more statutes that restrict the rights of gay and lesbian Americans than there were in 2003.

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About: Provides that the various states must recognize legislative acts, public records, and judicial decisions of the other states within the United States. It states that "Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State.

Impact of Same Sex Marriage: Allows for same couples to be able to marry in multiple states, and not be refrained because of different rules in different places.

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Describe the situation in Selma in the 60’s

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Describe the situation in Selma in the 60’s

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Many loop holes to the 15th amendment had been dismantled, yetintimidation  and literacy tests still limited the numbe od registered African Americans and their votes. Martin Luther King Jr. had focused attention on Selma, Alabama, a town where blacks made up about 50 percent of the population but only 1 percent of registered voters. To protest this inequality, King organized a march from Selma to Alabama’s capital, montgomery.

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In 1962, congress passed the 24th amendment, which outlaws the poll tax in any federal, primary, or general election.

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Explain how each of the following contributed to outlawing discrimination in America: 

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Explain how each of the following contributed to outlawing discrimination in America: 

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President Kennedy: He avoided the topic in the 1960 campaign and let Cold War concerns push civil rights to the bottom of his agenda. However the presidents brother, Robert Kennedy, the nations attorney general, witnessed violent, ugly confrontations between civil right leaders and brutal state authorities.
Civil Rights Act of 1964: By this point, nationwide popular opinion favored action for civil rights. In one poll, 75 percent of the nation believed in residential integration, and a full 75 percent believed in school integration.
Johnson, soon after Kennedy had championed the cause of civil rights, he was slain by a gunman in Dallas on November 22,1963. Within an hour, Johnson was sworn in as the 36th president.

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About: A federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity.

Impact on Women: Equal access to higher education, protection for pregnant and parenting students, and access to athletics.

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About: The Supreme Court held that a pregnant women has a fundamental privacy right to obtain an abortion

Result: Gave money a say about that they waned to do with their own bodies.

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About: A major feminist organization founded after Equal Employment Opportunity Commission failed to enforce a clause in the Civil Rights Act prohibiting discrimination of gender.

Impact on Women: NOW is the largest organization of women's rights activists in the U.S, using grassroots organizing to push for social change.

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How has the NAACP been able to affect Lynching, desegregation, higher education, and overturning Plessy?

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How has the NAACP been able to affect Lynching, desegregation, higher education, and overturning Plessy?

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Lynching were becoming a popular way of resolving some of the anger that whites had in relation to the free blacks. The NAACP sought legal prevention of the horrific act of lynching.
Desegregation, the NAACP developed a legal strategy to chip away at state school segregation. The federal judiciary was the ideal place to start since federal judges served life terms and could issue an unpopular decisions in the south without fear of losing their positions.
Higher Education, the NAACP filed suits to integrate college and graduate schools first and then k-12 schools.
Overturning Plessy, as the Supreme Court delivered the Sweatt and McLaurin decisions, the NAACP has already filed several suits in U.S. district courts to overturn k-12 segregation.

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The purpose of the NAACP was to stand for the rights of Black men and women. The NAACP stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

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About: An United States labor law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, aimed at abolishing wage disparities based on sex.

Impact on Women: Pay disparities between men and women continue to spawn the enactment of additional laws. EX: Civil Rights Act

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What were the Jim Crow laws and how were southerners able to circumvent the 15th amendment ?

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What were the Jim Crow laws and how were southerners able to circumvent the 15th amendment ?

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Jim Crow laws separated blacks and whites on trains, in theaters, in public restrooms, and in public schools. In order for individuals to vote, southerners started to require literacy tests. Which allowed southerners to pick and choose who they wanted to vote.

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About: Granted U.S women the right to vote. More than 26 million women had their citizenship affirmed and gained a mechanism to empower themselves, their families, and their communities.

Impact on Women: Women experienced economic progress with the increased availability of family-planning services and supplies allowing more women to enroll in higher education and enter professional occupations.

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About: Upheld an Oregon law limiting the workday for female wage earners to ten hours, while men could work longer.

Impact on Women: Muller gave relief to women and children and opened the door to more humane working conditions for men. However, it further segregated employers alike to keep the wages of women law.

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The Civil rights act of 1875 was another expansion of civil rights. This act made it illegal for privately owned places of public accommodation- trains, hotels, and taverns-to make distinctions between black and white patrons. This law also outlawed discrimination in jury selection, public schools, churches, etc.

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Describe each of the reconstruction amendments: 13th,14th,and 15th amendment

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Describe each of the reconstruction amendments: 13th,14th,and 15th amendment

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1.The 13th amendment (1865)abolished slavery.
2.The 14th amendment (1868)guaranteed citizenship, privileges and immunities, due process, and equal protection.
3.The 15th amendment (1870)prevented state denial of suffrage on the account of race.

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Result: The act was passed and outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes as a way of assessing wheter anyone was fit or unfit to vote. As far as Johnson was concerned, all you need to vote was American citizenship and the registration of your name on an electoral list. No form of hindrance to this would be tolerated by the law courts.

Impact: Within two years with the help of many volunteers, Afrian-American voter registration throughout the south increased to more than fifty percent of the voting-age population.