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ANALYSIS ESSAY

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1975 April - Phalangists ambush a bus in Beirut, killing 27 (mostly)Palestinians, because Palestinians had attacked a church. This and other clashes like it started the civil war.

1976 June - Syrian troops enter Lebanon to restore peace but also to curb the Palestinians,

August-  siege of the Tel al-Zaatar camp by Syrian backed Christian militias, killing thousands of Palestinians

1978 - Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon.

Israel withdraws and gives the land to the SLA, a Christian militia.

1982 June - Israel invades Lebanon again after the attempted assassination of the Israeli ambassador to Britain

1982 September - Presidential candidate Bachir Gemayel who was pro-Israeli is assassinated.

his brother Amine is elected President.

French, US, and italian peacekeeping force arrive in Beirut.

1983 April - Suicide attack on US embassy kills 63 people

another in October on the headquarters of the peacekeepers kills 241 US and 58 French troops.

1984- US withdrawal from Lebanon

1985 - Most Israeli troops withdraw except from the SLA  in the south.

1989 - Parliament meets in Taif, Saudi Arabia, to support and agreement which would transfer  the authority of the president to the cabinet.

1990 October - Syrian air force attacks the Presidential Palace. This formally ends the civil war.

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PALESTINIAN FIGHTERS WITH A LEBANESE FLAG

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PALESTINIAN FIGHTERS WITH A LEBANESE FLAG

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This is a picture if very young Palestinian fighters holding a Lebanese national flag. This was taken after they recaptured the Holiday Inn from Lebanese Christian forces, on March 26, 1976. The Holiday Inn, which still stands, in Beirut, was the sight of heavy fighting during the war. It was a strategic point for both the Christians and Muslims/Palestinians, as it's upper floors served as a snipers nest.

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This shows a group of Palestinian fighters heading into Tel al-Zaatar to try and liberate the camp which was one of the last Muslim communities in northern Beirut, which was turning into, a mostly Christian area. The camp was held under a 52 day siege, by Syrian backed Christian militias, in August of 1976 (a little more that a year since the war started). During the seige, about 1,600 people died, 4,000 wounded, and 6,000 surrendered, many of whom were later killed. This massacre enlarged the divided between the Christian north and the Muslim south and added fuel the the already ignited feud between Muslims and Christians in Lebanon.

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Hafez al-Assad was the dictator of Syria from 1971 to 2000, during which, he killed thousands and declared war on innocent people and countries. However, he was also one of the main endorsers of peace during the Lebanon Civil War. The U.S allied with him against Iraq and Saddam Hussein.  In 1989, they formed the Taif formula together, which helped to end the Lebanon Civil War by replacing their failed constitution.

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SUMMAY ESSAY

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This is a US Marine who was apart of the multinational force, sent in to bring and keep the peace in Lebanon. In this picture, the marine was guarding and unknown post on July, 1, 1983. This picture was taken a few months before the Barracks Bombings and the US withdrawal from Lebanon.

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Bashir Gemayel was the leader of the  Phalangist leader of the Lebanese Forces, a Christian militia. He was the President elect, when he was assassinated, causing his followers to return to country to chaos with a barrage of attacks, most of them on the Palestinians.

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MAP OF  TERRITORIES BEFORE THE SYRIAN WITHDRAWAL 

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MAP OF  TERRITORIES BEFORE THE SYRIAN WITHDRAWAL 

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During the war, much of Lebanon was controlled by Syria, or Syrian allied muslim militias. After their invasion in 1976, Syria controlled much of the land, and most of the Muslim militias aligned with them. This was until Syria ordered an air strike on the Lebanese Presidential palace, in 1990, formally ending the war.

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This shows a Palestinian Women walking through the destroyed Sabra refugee camp. The camp was the site of heavy figthing between  the Shiite militia and Palestinian guerrilla fighters, around 1985. Because of this, much of the camp was reduced to rubble.

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This is a picture of Rafik Hariri supporters holding up one of his banners. Hariri was a Suni Muslim, and a very powerful lebanese businessman during the Civil war. Hariri who was the Prime Minister of Lebanon 1992- 1998, and then again from 2000 until his assassination in 2005. He was elected shortly after the war ended, which shows that the people were trying the patch things up and rebuild.

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ISRAELI SOLDIER HELPING CAPTURED SYRIAN SOLDIER 

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ISRAELI SOLDIER HELPING CAPTURED SYRIAN SOLDIER 

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This picture was taken after the second Israeli invasion of Lebanon, in 1982. This photo shows an Israeli soldier giving water to a blindfolded Syrian soldier who was captured by the Israelis after a three day battle for the Beirut-Damascus highway. This photo is important because it shows the effect that the war had on non Lebanese people. It also shows that even though a horrific war was going on, some people still had compassion.

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Aftermath of the Beirut Barracks Bombings 

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Aftermath of the Beirut Barracks Bombings 

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On October, 23, 1983, the US Marine and French paratrooper bases in Beirut were bombed. This picture is of the US marine base, which was hit by a truck with 12000 pounds of explosives , killing 241 people. Shortly after this, the US, along with other peacekeeping forces, withdrew from Lebanon. This was the single deadliest day in Marine history since the Battle of Iwo Jima in 1945.