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Plagiarism - What is it and how can I avoid it? 

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Plagiarism - What is it and how can I avoid it? 

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LibGuides: Citing Sources: Academic Integrity

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Information about academic integrity, avoiding plagiarism, and guides to creating citations in a variety of styles, such as APA, MLA, AMA, Chicago and more.

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Essays, research articles, and more.

http://libguides.tourolib.org/writing

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LibGuides: College Writing: Writing Resources

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LibGuides: College Writing: Writing Resources

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How to cite government institutes and centers, such as the NIH.

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How to cite government institutes and centers, such as the NIH.

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Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images

Almost 30 institutes and centers compose the National Institutes of Health. As part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, most are funded by Congress. The NIH covers a wide range of health topics, so behavioral and social sciences writers often use documents from NIH sources. According to the sixth edition of the "Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association," if a specific NIH institute or center issues a document, cite that organization as the resource. If no institute or center is designated, reference the NIH.

In-text Citations

After including information from an NIH publication in text, use a citation within parentheses. Insert the name of the NIH institute or center, a comma and the publication year, such as: (National Institute of Mental Health, 2011). If you mention the institute or center in text, omit it from the parentheses. If you will be citing the institute or center multiple times and it has a well-known abbreviation, APA style requires its use after the first citation. To prepare for that, include the abbreviation within brackets before the comma in the first citation; for example: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2011).

Resources Page

Include any in-text citations on the References page. Begin with the title of the NIH institute or center followed by a period. Put the publication year within parentheses. Add a period. List the italicized title of the document in sentence case with a period. Within parentheses, include "DHHS Publication No." without quotation marks and the document number. Add a period. Indicate publication information with "Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office" without quotation marks. Finish with a period; for example: National Institute of Mental Health. (2011). Borderline personality. (DHHS Publication No. 11-7790). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

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How to Cite an NIH Publication in APA Format

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Almost 30 institutes and centers compose the National Institutes of Health. As part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, most are funded by Congress. The NIH covers a wide range of health topics, so behavioral and social sciences writers often use documents from NIH sources.

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Writing on a iPAD? See how to format in Google Docs

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Writing on a iPAD? See how to format in Google Docs

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Heller, Tina-English / iPad Formatting of Documents

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If you cannot fully access the information on any web page of this site, please let us know the accessibility issue you are having by contacting Deb Schields, Technology Coordinator at 701-873-2261 or at deb.schields@k12.nd.us. We will try to provide the information to you in an alternate format and/or make the necessary improvements to make the information accessible.

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Writing Website In-Text Citations and References

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Writing Website In-Text Citations and References

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Remember to always try to find the date on the website.

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I found a very useful website and cited a lot of information from it in my paper. But how do I write an in-text citation for content I found on a website ? Do I just put the URL in the sentence where I cite the information?
Dear Wallace,

This is a tricky question, but we can help! The short answer is that in most cases no, you do not put the URL in the text of the paper. In fact, the only time you would put a URL in the text would be to simply mention a website in passing. Because you're citing specific information, you will need to write a regular APA Style author-date citation. Luckily, writing the in-text citation for a website or webpage is easy: Simply include the author and year of publication. The URL goes in the corresponding reference list entry (and yes, you can leave the links live).

In-text citation:

The American Nurses Association (2006) issued a position statement insisting that pharmaceutical companies immediately cease using thimerosal as a vaccine preservative.

Note that the title of the website or webpage should be italicized in the reference list if the work on the page stands alone but not italicized if it is part of a greater whole (if this is ambiguous on the source, just choose what you think makes the most sense for the situation). In deciding how to categorize material on a website for a reference, it may be helpful to consider whether what is on the website is similar to an existing category of document type -for example, this reference is a position statement, which is similar to a press release, white paper, or report; hence the italic title. To clarify the document type, you can also specify the format in brackets after the title.

Determining Website Authors

It can be confusing to determine who the author of a website or webpage is. Often, the author is a group or agency rather than a particular individual. For example, the author of the position statement cited above is the American Nurses Association. If the website or webpage truly does not have an author, substitute the title of the page for the author in the in-text citation and reference list entry (see this post on missing reference pieces for examples of how to do this).

Determining Website Dates

A second source of confusion is that many websites or webpages do not include publication dates. If no date of publication is provided, use the letters n.d. (which stand for "no date"). The copyright date on the website itself should not be used as the publication date for particular content on that site.

If multiple dates are provided, use the most recent date on which the content was changed. For example, if the site says the content was first published in 2010 and last updated on August 6, 2016, then use the date 2016 in the in-text citation and reference list. However, if the site says it was first published in 2010 and last reviewed in July 2016, then use the date 2010 because a review does not imply that any information was changed.

Multiple Website Citations

If you use information from multiple pages on a website, create a separate reference list entry for each page, with in-text citations that correspond to the appropriate reference list entry. It is common for writers to have multiple entries with the same author and year, so to differentiate these entries, use a letter after the year (e.g., 2016a) or after n.d. (e.g., n.d.-a; more examples here), assigning the letter by putting the references in alphabetical order by title in the reference list. Put references with no date before references with dates, and put in-press references last.

In text, you can cite these references separately as usual (e.g., American Nurses Association, 1991b), or you can combine citations with the same author if desired. Simply state the author once and then provide the years of the applicable references in chronological order, separated by commas.

Combined in-text citations:

American Nurses Association (n.d., 1991a, 1991b, 2015)

(American Nurses Association, n.d., 1991a, 1991b, 2015)

Do you have more questions about how to create in-text citations for content from websites or webpages? Leave a comment below.

Cheers!

-Chelsea Lee

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APA Style Blog: Writing Website In-Text Citations and References

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Dear Style Expert, I found a very useful website and cited a lot of information from it in my paper. But how do I write an in-text citation for content I found on a website? Do I just put the...

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Artist Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of the artwork [Format]. Retrieved from URL (address of web site)
Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina's world [Painting]. Retrieved from http://www.moma.org/explore/collection/index

Mariomassone. (2015). European grey wolf, Prague Zoo [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf

In MLA style, the citation of an image will have the following format:

Artist's name or username (Last name, First name). "Title of Image." Medium (e.g. Photograph). Name of Website. Publisher of website, publication date. URL, Date accessed.

This FAQ has a more detailed explanation and many examples on citing images in MLA:
https://chat.library.berkeleycollege.edu/faq/44726

For more information on creating citations, visit the Writing and Citing LibGuide from the Center for Academic Success , accessible via the library on Canvas .

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How do I cite a digital image from the internet? - LibAnswers

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Artist Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of the artwork [Format]. Retrieved from URL (address of web site) Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina's world [Painting]. Retrieved from http://www.moma.org/explore/collection/index Mariomassone. (2015). European grey wolf, Prague Zoo [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf In MLA style, the citation of an image will have the following format: Artist's name or username (Last name, First name).

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APA Format Citations-Sixth (6th) Edition by peakdavid

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APA Format Citations-Sixth (6th) Edition by peakdavid

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A video tutorial that demonstrates how to correctly format an APA style document.

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APA Format and Citations: Sixth (6th) Edition

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Note: Citation Machines may provide incorrect entries! Check the generated citations carefully.

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What is a DOI and how do I find one and use it correctly in references? Find out here.
https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2009/09/a-doi-primer.html

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Library Guide for Faculty with Resources on Scholarly Publications

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Library Guide for Faculty with Resources on Scholarly Publications

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LibGuides: Research and Scholarship: Home

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A guide to resources for faculty on scholarly publishing.

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In October 2019, the American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual, which replaces the 6th edition published in 2009.

In that time a lot of things have changed. Citing online material has become more common, the use of inclusive and bias-free language is increasingly important, and the technology used by researchers and students has changed. See the biggest changes here.

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In October 2019, the American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual, which replaces the 6th edition published in 2009.

In that time a lot of things have changed. Citing online material has become more common, the use of inclusive and bias-free language is increasingly important, and the technology used by researchers and students has changed.

The 7th edition addresses these changes by providing better and more extensive guidelines. This article outlines the biggest changes that you should know about.

References and in-text citations in APA Style

When it comes to citing sources, more guidelines have been added that make citing online sources easier and clearer.

In total, 114 examples are provided, ranging from books and periodicals to audiovisuals and social media. For each reference category, an easy template is provided to help you understand and apply the citation guidelines. The biggest changes in the 7th edition are:

1. The publisher location is no longer included in the reference.

Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of highly effective people: Powerful lessons in personal change. Simon & Schuster.

2. The APA in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now shortened right from the first citation. You only include the first author's name and "et al.".

(Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018)

(Taylor et al., 2018)

3. Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in the reference entry.

Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., . . . Lee, L. H. (2018).

Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., . . . Lee, L. H. (2018).

4. DOIs are formatted the same as URLs. The label "DOI:" is no longer necessary.

doi: 10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449

https://doi.org/10.1080/​02626667.2018.1560449

5. URLs are no longer preceded by "Retrieved from," unless a retrieval date is needed. The website name is included (unless it's the same as the author).

Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). APA 7th edition: The most notable changes [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/

Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11). APA 7th edition: The most notable changes. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/

6. For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) is no longer included in the reference, and the publisher is included.

Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites [Kindle version]. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2

Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites. Springer Nature. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2

7. Clear guidelines are provided for including contributors other than authors and editors. For example, when citing a podcast episode, the host of the episode should be included; for a TV series episode, the writer and director of that episode are cited.

8. Dozens of examples are included for online source types such as podcast episodes, social media posts, and YouTube videos. The use of emojis and hashtags is also explained.

Inclusive and bias-free language

Writing inclusively and without bias is the new standard, and APA's new publication manual contains a separate chapter on this topic.

The guidelines provided by APA help authors reduce bias around topics such as gender, age, disability, racial and ethnic identity, and sexual orientation, as well as being sensitive to labels and describing individuals at the appropriate level of specificity. Some examples include:

1. The singular "they" is endorsed as a gender-neutral pronoun.

A researcher's career depends on how often he or she is cited.

A researcher's career depends on how often they are cited.

2. Instead of using adjectives as nouns to label groups of people, descriptive phrases are preferred.

The poor

People living in poverty

3. Instead of broad categories, you should use exact age ranges that are more relevant and specific.

People over 65 years old

People in the age range of 65 to 75 years old

APA Paper format

In the 7th edition, APA decided to provide different paper format guidelines for professional and student papers. For both types, a sample paper is included. Some notable changes include:

1. Increased flexibility regarding fonts: options include Calibri 11, Arial 11, Lucida Sans Unicode 10, Times New Roman 12, and Georgia 11.

2. The running head on the title page no longer includes the words "Running head:". It now contains only a page number and the (shortened) paper title.

Running head: THE EFFECT OF GOOGLE ON THE INTERNET

THE EFFECT OF GOOGLE ON THE INTERNET

3. The running head is omitted in student papers (unless your instructor tells you otherwise).

4. Heading levels 3-5 are updated to improve readability.

Mechanics of style

In terms of style, not much has changed in the 7th edition. In addition to some updated and better explained guidelines, there are two notable changes:

1. Use only one space after a period at the end of a sentence.

2. Use double quotation marks instead of italics to refer to linguistic examples.

APA endorses the use of the singular pronoun they

APA endorses the use of the singular pronoun "they"

APA 7th edition citation generator

With Scribbr's free citation generator you can easily cite your sources according to the new 7th edition guidelines. It's accurate, fast, and easy to use. Give it a try!

Free lecture slides

Are you a teacher or professor who would like to educate your students about the APA 7th edition changes? Great! You can download our free lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint.
Open Google Slides Download PowerPoint
Buying the new 7th edition APA Manual

Buy the APA Manual 7th edition today to keep up with the latest changes.

Frequently Asked Questions

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the "Cite this Scribbr article" button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Streefkerk, R. (2022, December 05). APA 7th Edition (2020) | The 17 Most Notable Changes. Scribbr. Retrieved October 4, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/

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APA 7th edition: The most notable changes

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In October 2019, the American Psychological Association (APA) introduced the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual, which replaces the 6th edition

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Perdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA 6th Edition Guidelines This site provides examples how to format a document and how to correctly cite resources in APA style. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html

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Perdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) APA 6th Edition Guidelines This site provides examples how to format a document and how to correctly cite resources in APA style. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html

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You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel .

General APA Guidelines

Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the " running head") at the top of every page. For a professional paper, this includes your paper title and the page number. For a student paper, this only includes the page number. To create a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.

Font

The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual requires that the chosen font be accessible (i.e., legible) to all readers and that it be used consistently throughout the paper. It acknowledges that many font choices are legitimate, and it advises writers to check with their publishers, instructors, or institutions for guidance in cases of uncertainty.

While the APA Manual does not specify a single font or set of fonts for professional writing, it does recommend a few fonts that are widely available. These include sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, and 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode as well as serif fonts such as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, 10-point Computer Modern.

Major Paper Sections

Your essay should include four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, and References.

Title Page

Note: APA 7 provides slightly different directions for formatting the title pages of professional papers (e.g., those intended for scholarly publication) and student papers (e.g., those turned in for credit in a high school or college course).

The title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. A professional paper should also include the author note. A student paper should also include the course number and name, instructor name, and assignment due date.

Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. The title should be centered and written in boldface. APA recommends that your title be focused and succinct and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced.

Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).

Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.

A professional paper should include the author note beneath the institutional affiliation, in the bottom half of the title page. This should be divided up into several paragraphs, with any paragraphs that are not relevant omitted. The first paragraph should include the author's name, the symbol for the ORCID iD, and the URL for the ORCID iD. Any authors who do not have an ORCID iD should be omitted. The second paragraph should show any change in affiliation or any deaths of the authors. The third paragraph should include any disclosures or acknowledgements, such as study registration, open practices and data sharing, disclosure of related reports and conflicts of interest, and acknowledgement of financial support and other assistance. The fourth paragraph should include contact information for the corresponding author.

A student paper should not include an author note.

Note again that page headers/page numbers (described above for professional and student papers) also appear at the top of the title page. In other words, a professional paper's title page will include the title of the paper flush left in all capitals and the page number flush right, while a student paper will only contain the page number flush right.
Student APA title page

Professional paper APA title page

Abstract

Begin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described above). On the first line of the abstract page, center and bold the word "Abstract" (no italics, underlining, or quotation marks).

Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph, double-spaced. Your abstract should typically be no more than 250 words.

You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases.

Abstracts are common in scholarly journal articles and are not typically required for student papers unless advised by an instructor. If you are unsure whether or not your work requires an abstract, consult your instructor for further guidance.

APA Abstract Page

Please see our Sample APA Paper resource to see an example of an APA paper. You may also visit our Additional Resources page for more examples of APA papers.

How to Cite the Purdue OWL in APA

Individual Resources

The page template for the new OWL site does not include contributors' names or the page's last edited date. However, select pages still include this information.

In the absence of contributor/edit date information, treat the page as a source with a group author and use the abbreviation "n.d." for "no date":

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Title of resource. Purdue Online Writing Lab. http://Web address for OWL resource

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). General Writing FAQs. Purdue Online Writing Lab. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/general_writing_faqs.html

The generic APA citation for OWL pages, which includes author/edit date information, is this:

Contributors' names. (Last edited date). Title of resource. Site Name. http://Web address for OWL resource

Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here.

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You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel . General APA Guidelines Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides. Include a page header (also known as the " running head") at the top of every page.