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Modal verbs are used to talk about an ability, certainty, permission, requirements, suggestions and advices.

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can

could

may

might

shall

should

will

would

shall

should

may

might

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This form is used to project ourselves forward in time and to look back. It refers to events or actions that are currently unfinished but will be finished at some future time. It is most often used with a time expression.

Pattern
Subject + will/shall have + Verb + ing + Objective

Examples

I will have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock.

By 2018 I will have been living in London for sixteen years.

When I finish this course, I will have been learning English for twenty years.

Next year I will have been working here for four years.

When I come at 6:00, will you have been practicing long?

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A is used before a consonant sound noun.
A boy
A university
A unicorn
A book

An is used before a vowel sound noun.
An apple
An umbrella
An egg

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point out particular person or thing.
The girl gave me a chocolate.

Before unique things.
The sky
The earth

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Definite articles
The

Indefinite articles
A
An

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Usage
The past perfect continuous is used to talk about actions that were in progress before some other actions.

Pattern
Subject + had + been +Verb + ing + Objective

Examples

Affirmative

They had been playing.

She had been singing.

Negative

They had not been playing.

She had not been singing.

Interrogative

Had they been playing?

Had she been singing?

Negative Interrogative

Hadn’t they been playing?

Hadn’t she been singing?

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Usage
We use the present perfect continuous

To talk about actions that started in the past and continued until recently.

To talk about actions that started in the past and continues into the future.

Pattern
Subject + has/have + been +Verb + ing + Objective

Affirmative

They have been working.

She has been dancing.

Negative

They have not been working.

She has not been dancing.

Interrogative

Have they been working?

Has she been dancing?

Negative Interrogative

Haven’t they been working?

Hasn’t she been dancing?

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S + had been + Vpp

She had been insulted by him

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The past perfect tense is used to describe a completed activity in the past
Positive Form
S + had + Vpp

Sithra had gone to the hospital

Positive Question
had + S + Vpp

Had Sithara gone to the hospital?

Negative Form
S + had not + Vpp

Sithara had not gone to the hospital

Negative Questions
Had + S + not + Vpp
Had Sithara  not gone to the work?

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To talk about an action that will finish before a certain time in the future, but we don't know exactly when.

Affirmative
S+ will have + verb past participle +o
I will have eaten my breakfast.

Negative
S+ will not have+ verb past participle + o
I will have not eaten my breakfast.

Interrogative
Will + s + have+ verb past participle +o
Will I have eaten my breakfast?

Negative Interrogative
Won't + s + have + verb past participle  + o
Won't I have eaten my breakfast?

PASSIVE
O (s) + be verb + have + been + verb past participle + by + S(o)
My breakfast will have been eaten by me.

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Usage
We use the present perfect when we want to look back from the present to the past.

Pattern
Subject + has/have+ P.P + Object

Examples
Affirmative

I have broken my watch.

She has taken my copy.

They have cancelled the meeting.

Negative

They have not worked.

She has not taken.

Interrogative

Have they worked?

Has she taken my book?

Negative Interrogative

Haven't they not worked?

Hasn't she not taken?

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S + will/shall + be + Vpp

We will be taken to the park by parents

A poem will be written by her

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Past Simple
was/were + pp

Examples

We were invited to the party by them.

This camera was bought from Japan.

The mistakes were corrected by the teacher.

The presentation was given by John.

A car was bought by him.

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The passive is formed by using was/were with being and the past participle
01.Gayan was attending a lecture.

A lecture was being attended by Gayan.

02. The police were watching him.

He was being watched by Police.

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Usage
To express a future action continued over a time.
Positive form
Subject +will be + verb + ing + object

Examples

She will be having lunch.

They will be cleaning the hall.

The boys will be playing cricket.

Negative form

Subject + will not be + verb + ing + object

Examples

She will not be having lunch.

They will not be cleaning the hall.

The boys will not be playing cricket.

Positive question form
Will + subject + verb + ing + object

Examples

Will she be having lunch.

Will they be cleaning the hall.

Will the boys be playing cricket.

Negative question form
Will not + subject + be + verb + ing + object

Examples

Will not she be having lunch.

Will not they be cleaning the hall.

Will not the boys be playing cricket.

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We use the past simple to talk about finished activities in the past.

Pattern
Subject + Verb + ed (verb past form)

Example

Affirmative

1. They worked.

2. She worked.

3. I finished lunch and I did my homework.

Interrogative

1. Did you watch television?

2. Did you do the homework?

Negative

1. I didn't eat it.

2. He didn't took it.

Negative Interrogative

1. Didn't I eat it?

2. Didn't he took it?

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We use the past continuous to talk about past events which continuously went on for a period of time.

We often use it to describe a "background action" when something else happened.

Examples
Positive form
Gayan was attending a lecture.
Negative form
Gayan was not attending a lecture.
Question form
Was Gayan attending a lecture?
Negative question form
Was not Gayan attending a lecture?

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The simple future tense is used for an action that will occur in the future.

Positive Form
S + will/shall + V(base form)

Ramidu will go to work

Dilith will smoke Cigarettes

I will write an essay

Positive  Question
Will + S + V(base form)

Will Ramidu go to work?

Will Dilith smoke Cigarettes?

Will I write an essay?

Negative Form
S + will not/won't + V(base form)

Ramidu will not go to work

Dilith will not smoke Cigarettes

I will not write an essay

Negative Questions
Will + not +S + V(base form)

Wont Ramidu go to work?

Won't Dilith not smoke Cigarettes?

Won't I write an essay?

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Present Continuous Tense indicate an action which is in progress at the time of speaking or at the present time.
The present continuous is made from the present tense of the verb be and the – ing form of a verb

Affirmative
Subject + be Verb( am / is / are ) + Verb + ing

Example:
They are coming to your party

Negative
Subject + be verb ( am / is / are ) + NOT + Verb + ing

Example:
They aren't coming to your party

Question form
be ( am / is / are ) + Subject + Verb + ing

Example:
Are they coming to your party?

Negative Question from
be verb (am/is/are) + NOT + Subject + Verb + ing

Example:
Aren't they coming to your party?

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To  talk about activities, we do every day/habits/routines
To talk about facts.
To talk about thoughts and feelings at the time we are talking.

Example
Affirmative
S+ verb base + s/es/ies + o
I eat chocolates.

Negative
S+ do/does + not + verb base + +o
I don't eat chocolates.

Interrogative
Do/does + S + verb base  + o
Do I eat chocolates?

Negative Interrogative
Do/does + not + S + verb base +  o
Don't I eat chocolates?

Passive voice
O (s) + be verb + verb (past participle) + by + S (o)
Chocolates are eaten by me.