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-The Toltec rose to power between 950-1150 A.D.

-The capital of the empire was Tula which is present day Mexico City

-Crops (beans, maize, and pepper) were irrigated with water from the Tula river

-Toltec were warlike people who conquered much of Northern and Central Mexico

-Toltec were builders and metal workers (first to do so)

-Began to decline in 1125 due to fighting of many tribes in Tula...1170 the city was mostly burned and destroyed.

-Aztec Empire emerged 200 years later carrying on many Toltec traditions.

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The Toltecs had roots in the Tolteca-Chichimeca people, who, during the 9th century CE, had migrated from the deserts of the north-west to Culhuacan in the Valley of Mexico. According to the Aztecs, the first Toltec leader was Ce Técpatl Mixcoatl (One Flint Cloud Serpent, i.e.

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Located near the Andes mtns in Peru, Cuzco capital city

Pachacuti controlled the empire through war divided provinces

Llamas carried supplies

Forced labor

Terrace farming- potatoes corn

textiles pottery

No writing but had quipu record system of knotted strings

Theater

2 calendars one based on the sun, the other based on 365 days

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civilization near the Moche River in S America

major urban center farmers grew maize (corn), peanuts & cotton

no written language but told stories through pottery

collapsed in 8th century, replaced by the Inca

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The people of the Nazca and Moche cultures lived before the Inca. 200BC in S Peru

200 miles of territory & prospered until 600AD

No great temples but have mysterious Nazca lines that appear to be an airport

Many theories have been presented, (ancient aliens :-)

the significance remains unknown.

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Huitzilpochtli god of war & sun found their home when they found an eagle eating a snake on a cactus

Tenochtitlan capital (Mexico)

polytheistic & human sacrifices

pyramids, calendars, astronomy

written language

Slaves were conquered peoples from other tribes

bureaucracy had king, warriors, priests, merchants, farmers, peasants

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Thrived on the Yucatan Peninsula & polytheistic

Supreme God- Itzamna Lizard House & Quetzalcoatl / human sacrifice

Calendars, Pyramids

Slash & burn, terrace farming

hieroglyphics

Solar & ritual calendars

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Hunter gatherers followed buffalo: they used the entire animal; meat, clothing, bones for tools & weapons, tepees

Anasazi irrigated for farming in the desert

Skilled basket & pottery making

Persistent drought led Anasazi to abandon their homes

Built homes in cliff dwellings

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Eastern Woodlands

Hopewell in Ohio River valley aka the Mound Builders (Cahokia city)

The shift to farming (700AD), led to a prosperous culture in the Mississippi River valley.

Corn, squash & beans

Iroquois villages in longhouses surrounded by fences for protection in extended families. Men hunted animals & women gathered.

Wars were common, but some formed a peaceful Iroquois League.

Clans- groups of related families. Clan mothers held status with the Grand Council (elderly men)