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the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

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The convention declared that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable within the state of South Carolina after February 1, 1833. They said that attempts to use force to collect the taxes would lead to the state's secession.

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the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the "Trail of Tears," because of its devastating effects.

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The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy.

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Andrew Jackson was an American statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837.

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The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California.

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A set of laws, passed in the midst of fierce wranglingbetween groups favoring slavery and groups opposing it,that attempted to give something to both sides. Thecompromise admitted California to the United States asa “free” (no slavery) state

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The Mexican–American War, also known as the Mexican War, the U.S.–Mexican War or the Invasion of Mexico, was an armed conflict between the United States of America and the United Mexican States from 1846 to 1848

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In 1846, the Oregon boundary dispute between the U.S. and Britain was settled with the signing of theOregon Treaty. The British gained sole possession of the land north of the 49th parallel and all of Vancouver Island, with the United States receiving the territorysouth of that line.

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The Republic of Texas was an independent sovereign country in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846.

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The Mormon Trail or Mormon Pioneer Trail is the 1,300-mile route that members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints traveled from 1846 to 1868.

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The route over which settlers traveled to Oregon in the 1840s and 1850s; trails branched off from it toward Utah and California.

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the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

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a United States federal statute devised by Henry Clay. It regulated slavery in the country's western territories by prohibiting the practice in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north, except within the boundaries of the proposed state of missouri.

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the policy of promoting industry in the U.S. by adoption of a high protective tariff and of developing internal improvements by the federal government (as advocated by Henry Clay from 1816 to 1828)

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a principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US.

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The purchase by the United States from France of the huge Louisiana Territory in 1803.

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was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution.