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Finally,,, week 14 has come!! cant wait to finish studies for this sem. We have an exam on practical microbe 3.

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This week is my turn for presentation! I present about cyanobacteria life and how its role in changing the world by sending the first free oxygen into the atmosphere. They did as single life forms.Even the chloroplast plant is a symbiotic cyanobacterium taken up the algal ancestor of the plant.

1. CO2, NO2, CH3 gas was surrounded in the atmosphere, however, oxygen were locked up water molecules and some were captured by organic matter. Oxygen was very little around 0.1 %.

2. Great oxygenation event occur when these minerals become saturated and could not capture O2 anymore, and O2 started to accumulate in the atmosphere. Oxygen composition in atmosphere arise and at this time O2 become toxic to earth anaerobic inhabitant.

3. Eventually, aerobic organisms that consume O2 establish equilibrium in its availability. Now, we have O2 in the air around 21%.

~Nitrogen fixation; fix NH3 to NH4
~Photosynthesis; capture light energy and convert to chemical energy, used to convert CO2 to sugar.

There's a bit background what I give a 3MT presentation.

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Mollicutes? Do you know what is mollicutes?
- G+
-contaminant in cell culture.
-To sterilize it by using an autoclave. Cannot be killed by antibiotics (penicillin resistant).
- on a plate, it appears like the fried egg.

Actinomycetes;
-G-
-special staining ( as it has waxy lipid).
-on the agar plate, it appears powdery form.

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*Photosynthesis= conversion light energy to chemical energy, that chemical energy is used to convert CO2 to  reduced carbon compound, glucose.
Plants, algae and cyanobacteria - use H20 as H donor- release O2
Purple sulfur and green sulfur - use H2S as H donor - release S granules
* Photosynthesis take place in 2 stages:
1)Light-dependent/light reaction
light energy absorb by chlorophyll a (green plant/algae/cyanobacteria) or bacteriocholorphyll (by bacteria) located in thylakoid of chloroplasts or thy;akoid structure in bacteria ----> exciting e-   --> e- excited jump to carrier molecules (similar in ETC and chemiosmosis, produce ATP) . there are 2 photoposphorylation; cyclic  photophosphorylation (e- pass to chlorophyll back) and non cyclic photophosphorylation ( e-pass to chloropyhll in photosytem 1)
2) Light-independent/ dark reaction( Calvin-Benson Cycle)
CO2 fix to synthesize sugar.

This week we also did a presentation of Application of Microbiology
In Agriculture, other than B.t, Azospirillum sp. are used in fertilizer - they will fix N 2 in non leguminous plants.
In pharmaceutical, tetracylin from to for people that allergic with penicilin - father of Pharmacy is Prof. William Woctor.
In Bioweapon, bacteria like B.antracis, Y. pestin

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We have Microbe Physiology test in this week. Let me share about microbial metabolism here..  After glucose is being converted to pyruvate it will undergo the next step either cellular respiration or fermentation. In Respiration, it will undergo glyolyis (EMP/PPP/ EDP), pyruvate oxidation, krebs sycle/ TCA cycle and  ETC. Fermentation;
~ (Lactic acid fermentation)gllucose convert to pyruvate/pyruvic acid and 2 ATP, pyruvate reduced to 2 molecules lactic acid by 2 NADH.
~(Alcohol fermentation )glucose is converted to pyruvate and 2 ATP by glycolysis, pyruvate is reduced by NADH into 2 mol of acetaldehyde and 2 mol of CO2.

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Week 9 is a week full of test 2. I had 2 test for this week which is biomole and bacteriology test. This week is damn busy because there are many works to do plus need to read many notes...
((Hopefully the marks that will come out will not dissappoint me)) ;)

Back to Microbiology, we finally can determine our fungi isolates that were taken from pond water sample.

Why we need to use lactophenol blue solution in staining ?
Lacto= from lactic acid (kill any organisms that suspend in staining)
Phenol= deactivate lytic cellular enzyme so the cells do not lyse
Blue solution= acid dye; to stain chitin present in the cell wall of fungi

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In Microbe Physiology class, i learnt about Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis. We answered questions about the topic and discussed it in class.
We also did some notes regarding this topic in Prezi (link :  )
In bacteriology class, we did mind maps about gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria. there are so many types that i don't know how i want to remember all these things *-* .
Gram negative aerobic
1. pseudomonas
2. acetic acid/vinegar bact
3. Nitrogen fixing bact
4. Stalked bact
5. curved bact
Pathogenic bact form this type that i remember are Lyme disease by B. burgdorferi , skin infection by P.a and dysentery(diarrhea with blood) from V. cholerae.

Gram -ve anaerobic
1. Sulfate & sulfur reducing bacteria
2. Bacteriodaceae

gram +ve
1. Low GC non spore eg. LAB
2.   "            endospore forming eg. Bacillus
3.   "            cell wall less eg. mycoplasma
4. High GC filamentous eg. actinomycetes, streptomyces

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I learnt about metabolic pathway, glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and TCA cycle. Dr Su showed us several songs about glycolysis. The videos was very funny but it was quite good actually. For bacteriology class, we need to present about research proposal. Our group presented the resarch aboout sulfate reducing bacteria aid in enrichment of gold particles. This week's lab is also quite interesting as we need to prepare our own agar plate and inoculate fungi from the liquid sample that we took ourselves. The picture above is one of the pure culture of fungi. i like how the hyphae spread throughout the PDA :D

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This week, we did experiment about ELISA and ABO blood test.
just to share some knowledge that i got about why we need to know check our Rhesus type. The problem is if the pregnant mother' s rhesus is differ from his son/daughter's rhesus. For her first baby, the antibody of mother will not attack the antibody of the baby. But the second baby will be problem because mother's antibody will start to produce antibody to attack the baby's cells and clot the RBC of baby. This happen because if the antibody doesn't recognize that antigen it will attack and kill the cells.
As well as bood type we need to know the ABO type as it is important in blood transfusion.

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i also swab at toilet bowl and got bacteria culture but i did not continue to subculture it as i need to choose whether to subculture bact from the drain water or from the environments. But now, felt a bit regret to not subculture it as i kept questioning what bacteria are that  hehe :')

This week i have test 1 on Bacteriology and Microbe Phsyiology. Hopefully, the marks will come out with good result. Hopefully~aamiin

This picture is Microbact 12E as my unknown bacteria culture was oxidase negative so this microbact is suitable to test the biochemical properties.

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Guess what bacteria are these??
of course E.coli ( from drain water sample) that express green metallic sheen. This is the best picture which i got from Hemalah. Beautiful isnt it? heee
But see there are still bacteria that not exhibit greem metallic sheen? What bacteria is that? ........................???
I run the Microbact Identification Kit to test the unknown bacteria which lastly i found it was Klebsiella oxytoca. Never heard about it before but yeah i like this discovery journeyy :))

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This week we actually need to do experiment about HDV based on last week experiment (NDV from chicken).  We extracted the blood chicken and allantoic fluid and do the hemagglutination test.
Well that do not form button reveals the presence of virus. virus has agglutinated the red blood cell and form lattice structure.
the wells that form button show that the virus does not bind to RBC.

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I did an experiment of NDV (inject virus into an egg). This experiment was very exciting hehe as i feel like i need to take care of my own egg :) feeling like a lovely mom :D i manage to inject the virus into the membrane of the egg. And after that, the egg should be incubate in incubator for few days so that the embryo can grow. Then the demo will put the chicken into fridge to kill the chick. we do that bcos we don't want the chick alive as it ady infected by virus and we don't want any trouble with the chick in future.

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This first week was basically we just attend the class and were introduced by lecturers about the subjects.

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Bismillah and alhamdulillah its a new semester now, like can't believe i'm a 2nd year student already!!

Hopefully this semester will bring me into a new stage (upgrade experiences , skills and performance :)

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This is our last week for this 2nd semester. the time flies so fast i cant believe next sem we will be 2nd year student and juniors will come. but surely i eager to wait for a long holidayyyy!

This week is act no class i mean we all done cover all the topics. I am a commitee for MUsym 2017 so we help this prog to make it succesful. And glad this first ever MUsym has been succesful but yes need improvement for next time.

This week also we need to complete our task 3MT. I presented about biosensors bacteria that can detect the pollutants and pathogens which is photobacteria. How they glow? they have a mechanism of gene regulation. They use lux operon.

And yess today last class! and this saturday Ramadhan karim make me really wanna balik kampung!!

but before that must finish all the final examsss

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Our last class we learnt about microbial epidemiology and public health. This topic is quite challenging as this is topic is new to me and i still blurr. i have to revise again and open textbook and read all over again.

this topic have many terms such as endemic, hyperendemic ,epidemic, and so on. Basically what i know this is the topic about the study of occurrence of disease and how we can control it.

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We played games about last week' topic. My group organise games like kahoot and others group did also fun games. We enjoyed playing at the same time we have to remember back what we have learn last weeks's topic.

The next class we continue learn topic immunology. It is interesting topic yet hard and maybe killer questions.

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We learnt about introduction of microbial genetics, gene expression, gene regulation, mutation and gene transfer. i likethis topic as i have learnt some parts of this topic and understand more. Dr Irwan explain how he will mark our paper, he want us to answer short but correct. before class end Dr ask us to answer a question about this topic then he mark our answer.
we had test 2 in this week which is open book test. Alhamdulillah i could answer most of the question, yess because all in book and what Dr taught in his lecture. this week is very tiring i bet

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Dr Irwan gave us a task, a presentation about biotechnology companies. So my group was presented about ABC company which is a company that serve and sold enzymes. I so proud with the biotechnology such it can make money as ABC company get profit about hundred thousands per month.

there are many others company that i remember such as Carlsberg , even Johnson also use biotech product in their market.

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This week we learn about microbial application in industry. there are 2 branches of industrial which are health and food industry. Vaccine is weakened or dead bacteria that injected into body to stimulate body immune system. there are many types of vaccine that i learnt such as using live microbes, using particular part of antigen and Dna engineered vaccine
what i know:-
~cellulase used in textile industry
~Thiobacillus used to extract metal from ores

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Assalamualaikum
lastly we came back to our routine class after a week midsem break :)
starting this week Dr Irwan will replace Dr Wan

this week we learnt about biotechnology, 4 things:
1. Definition -the use of biological systems
-why? to develop technologies
-benefits human being and planet
2. pollution -
can cause pollution and solution
~ pathogenic agent
~non pathogenic -eutrophication
~mediator of pollution -bioaccumulation-mercury conc.
solution-
bioremediation ? organism use the polutant as nutrient that promote biodegradation.
indicator? eg coliform detect presence of others pathogenic bact

interesting story from El Mororo
http://research.aces.illinois.edu/content/eating-garbage-bacteria-bioremediation

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Assalamualaikum :)  feeling grateful to have everything that i need  today. Alhamdulillah.

By the way, this week we learnt about Principal Ecology .
What is the ecology means ?
It means a systematic study of living & non living organisms ( biotic & abiotic )and their interactions with the environment.

Homeostasis is a flow of energy through ecosystem  and energy flow through C-C bond.  I like the comic strip that Hana's group made.
1 question was threw to everybody, what happen if the fungi is not exist?
So the answer is, if the fungi does not exist the bacteria still can degrade the eagle (degrade the macromolecules by hydrolytic enzyme) the fungi 's role is to assist the bacteria and to degrade the eagle into smaller pieces.

Biogeochemical cycle there are many microbes involve in each cycle . We also learn about positive symbiosis and negative symbiosis.

below is one of the comic strip made from group 7 about Homeostasis :D https://www.tes.com/lessons/YUVJhwIpL5agNA/microbial-ecology

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This week we learnt about protozoa. there are many things about protozoa that need to remember .  (^,^)

This week we had test 1 .

What i can say about the test is, it is simple like Dr Wan said to us the main things that we need to know. In the test it ask me to give name of archaea but the thing is cant remember the full name of that archaea. I write Trypticus but actually it is Thermus aquaticus (hahaha) ! This kind of archae produce enzyme and can stand in very high temperature. Its enzyme used in PCR ( even can stand in  94'C )

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This week was very fun. We went for two trips which we went to Yakult factory and the next day we go to INTI college at Nilai.

Yakult Factory, Seremban.
-each of us get one bottle of yakult which contain 30 billions of shirota strains . That day i bought some yakult and drank about 90 billions of shirota strains haha.
what i get from this trip :
~L. casein shirota strain is discover by Minoru Shirota in 1930
~The shell life for this bacteria is 45 days in their favorable condition. its not harmful if w drink after the 45 days but its probiotic advantage is reduce because some of the bacteria is died.

Anti Microbial Resistance Talk at INTI College

we had a great and informative talk from a surgeon / professor .
what i get from this talk is :
~this bacteria is commonly found in the hospital because it can survive in a harash condition. (hard to kill this bacteria )
~ there are several characteristics of the antibiotic resistant which i interested in is about the mechanism. The bacteria has enzyme that degrade the drug from antibiotic and inactivate the drug's enzyme. When the drug enter the body/cell the bacteria are very clever to take out the drug from the cell.

so, what we can do to reduce the antibiotic resistance is :
1. Dont simply use antibiotic (only take that has been prescribed from your doctor)
2. Finish the antibiotic
3. Implement infection control measures

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7/3 - Archaea  ! What is the differences between archaea and bacteria??

archaea has odd shape, non form spore, often mutualists and commensalism. talking about shape, Dr Wan shared about Thermoplasma which is coccus shaped, but when the temp change,it changed to amoeba-like shaped. so unique! it also has reverse enzyme DNA gyrase aids in DNA stability.

Archaea has 2 phylum which are euryarchaeota (methanogen, exreme halophile) and crenarchaeota (mostly thermophiles and hyperthermophiles) .

methanogen is beneficial as methanogen gas can clean burning fuel and as energy for heat and electricity. BUT is also harmful as it can absorb infrared radiation-cause global warming

9/3 - we discuss about FUNGI . What are the unique characteristics that very distinctive  from bacteria??

the answer are... their nutritional needs. fungi are saprophytes and the feeding form are absorption. they are chemo(source of C)organo(source of energy)heterotrophs. Fungi all are spore-bearing microorganisms not like bacteria which are only some of them has spore. usually fungi are found in moist habitat, but if it survive in dry area its called zerophilic ( need less water to survive). they also has exoenzyme to degrade molecules

How to know their types of reproduction? Sexual @ Asexual reproduction?

-by identify their types of spore

Archaea that grow in the hot water of the Morning Glory Hot Spring in Yellowstone National Park produce a bright colour

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2/3/17
We had a discussion about Gram Positive bact and Gram Negative bacteria. What i have learnt today are:-
~Most of Gram positive bacteria are bacillus/rod shape.
~Bacillus sp. is Gram +, rod shaped,aerobes or f.anaerobes. Bacillus sp. is beneficial and some sp. is dangerous (B. anthracis). Bacillus sp. as insecticides.
~Eg : B. thuringiensis and B. sphaericus produce protoxins. the toxins enter the larval gut and bind to epithelial cells and induce spore formation. Lastly the instestinal cells lysis and insect will dead.
~Clostridium is Gram +, obligate anaerobes, rod shaped, spore forming. It is pathogenic, can cause botulism-food born pathogen, tetanus-deep wound infection(C.tetani), myonecrosis(gas gangrene).
~Lactobacillus sp. Gram +, f.anaerobes@microaerophiles, rod shape,nos spore forming. Lactobacillus can be found in human milk!
Lactobacillus sp. as prebiotic. From my reading from mr google it says treat diarrhea and skin disorders like eczema.
~Remember Acid fast organisms is in Gram Positive are Mycobacteria, Nocardia and Rhodococcus.
~Actinomyces eg: Streptomyces Gram +, f.anaerobess, may form spores.
~P. syringae - it is gram negative bacteria and plant pathogenic.it can turn the water  into ice. This Pseudomonas sp. is really coooool !
~Azobacter sp. and Rhizobium sp.they fix NO2 in soil.

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We discuss more about our project which is Virtual Microbe because this time this project is quite challenging as we all had to do 2 vm one with local univ. and other with La Fayette College. So many challenges we had but we manage to handle it. Alhamdulillah.

Dr Wan ask us, why we learn microbial systematics ?? **Everyone keep searching the answers in the notes** As for me, we want to classify and differentiate the microbes into their groups based on their nurtitional needs, requirement, adaptations, and metabolic activities.

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Assalamualaikum and Hi to readers(if have lah hehe) This week is our first meeting with Dr Wan so everyone looks like excite and very active haha . In that day, we are more to share our ideas about what will going on in this semester and overview of all the topic.

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during the study week, i went to my aunt's house. and i got to know my cousins had infected with chickenpox. and what came into my head is, " hmm.. what bact or virus cause chicken pox eh? so to show that i am microbiology student (konon padahal sangat cetek pengetahuan huhu) so i search la from my beloved microbiology book.
so this is what i get ..
A latent viral infection is one in which the virus remain in the host cell in long periods without producing an infection. Chickenpox virus (Varcellovirus) can also exist in latent state. Chickenpox (varicella) is a skin disease  usually acquired in childhood. The virus gain access to the skin via blood. From the blood, virus may be enter nerve, when they remain latent. Later, changes in immune (T-cell) response can activate these latent virus, causing shingles (zoster). The shingle rash appears on  skin along the nerve in which the virus was latent. Shingles occurs in 10-20% of people who have had chickenpox.

alhamdulillah i already had chickenpox in mychildhood. so dont worry. my auntie said the doctor said to her about 1 % risk to get infected again who had this chickenpox. the 1 % is maybe immunocompromised person.

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what is the differences between bacteriophage and animal virusses ??

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what is the differences between bacteriophage and animal virusses ??

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this is week is the last class for microbiology class with Dr Wan. anyhow i still cannot believe that i've been learning microbiology for those 14 weeks. i hope my brain is full with knowledge about this basic microbiology. hahaha. hopefully... anddd the most important is anything that we learn is to seek for knowledge and not for exam!!.

for the last class we finished our topic of microbial metabolism . microbial metabolismhas 2 reactions : catabolic (produce) and anabolic (use energy). we also have to know about enzmatic activity

the last topic is nutritional types of microorganism.
-2 major nutritionalconcern : 1)energy source- phototrophs
-chemotrophs
2)carbon source -autotrophs
-heterotrophs

-so when combine it, there are -photoautotrophs
-photoheterotrophs
-chemoautotrophs
- chemoheterotrophs
-mixotrophs (means can be autotrophs and heterotrophs) eg: Desulphovibrio
-photosynthetic bacteria :
1) oxygenic phototrophs (produce O2) eg: cyanobacteria
2)anoxygenic bact. -green sulfur bact eg : Chlorobium . -purple sulfur bact, not produce O2. eg : Chromatium

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so this week is my turn to present my pecha kucha. (i got 3 presentation this week though..) i had presented about a bacteria that caused Lyme disease. this bacteria is Borrelia burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochete bacteria which also parasite to human. it is commonly found across North America and  Europe. this bacteria is hardly to spot and diagnose because it has many properties that make it very hard to detect even months, years and decades. it is transmitted by deer tick and human are dead end host. why i am amaze about this bacteria is it can modify its own genome and alter their antigen. So this is really hard to host immune system to detect and even worst attack the host body's healthy cell.  Lyme disease is a type of disease that cause you long phase of headache, muscle and joint paint, muscle soreness, heart complication and also memory loss. i can feel how suffer people who had diagnosed with this disease. what i read from internet, so many people had suffered this disease  even Avril Lavigne which popular song artist also got this disease.. how struggle they are to live with weak body..i cant imagine.. so that is roughly what i say during pecha kucha.

other microbes that i really remember is Staphylococcus aureus that cause eczema, Yersenia Pestis that cause black death, bioluminescence bacteria, and  Morganella morgani

we also learn about microbial growth .

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this week we learn about the topic sterilisation and disinfectant.
we played game through quizlet and also kahoot.
https://quizlet.com/172224499/test

so many terms that we need to know..
-cide : agent kills
-static : agent inhibit growth
-sepsis : microbial contamination
-asepsis :absence of significance contamination
-sterilization : remove all microbial life
-commercial sterilization :
-disinfection :
-antisepsis
-degerming
-sanitization :

factor antimicrobial contamination :
1.  no of microbes
2. duration of exposure
3. microbial characteristics
4. temp
5. local environment (pH,conc organic matter)

microbial control -
~physical -heat
-moist heat ( not destroy spores)
-steam sterilisation (effective against include spore)
-dry heat (flaming,.. less effective), dry heat incineration
-filtration (sterilize soltn of heat sensitive materials by remove microbes)
-low temp (deep freezing,lyophilization)
-radiation, UV( destroy endospore, not alwayseffective against virus)
~chemical (disinfection,antisepsis,sterilization)

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In this week , we had our microbiology test 2  which held at DKU on friday. On monday, we finished the topic about virus.
family of virusses = ends with viridae
subfamily = ends with virinae
-virus is an obligate intracellular parasites
-we have to differentiate the structure of virus whether it is capsulated or incapsulated.
-spikes : carbohydrate-protein complex(project from surface of envelope)-function : as a mean of identification
-prions : infectious protein cause degeneration of brain cells
-virion : a complete, fully developed, infection viral protein, composed of nucleic acid, surrounded by protein coat
-viroid : infectious pieces of RNA cause plant pathogen

differences between bacteria and virusses:
1. virus is intracellular parasites but bacteria not
2.virus no plasma membrane but bact have
3.virus can pass through bactteriological filter but bact cannot
4.viruss not have both DNA or RNA but bact has only one
5. virus not sensitive to antibiotic, bacteria is vice versa
6. virus sensitive to interferon but bacteria not

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Dr Wan gave us a task for us to do a newsletter. so we need to go to dewan besar to search for our finding to put on the newsletter. lastly we found a research about anti tuberculosis using nano composite and zinc layered hydroxide.This designated of an anti TB nanodelivery formulation with sustained release and high compatibility properties has 3 3 times better theraupeutic efficacy compared to free drug INH. this innovation has  come with sustained release properties that will reduce dosing frequency, better than theraupeutic efficacy and lesser side effects which will reduce the treatment duration of the disease. Usually  the patients of TB need to take their medication regularly but with this kind of  innovation, the patient no need to take medicine regularly ant thus this properties will ultimately improve the patients’ compliance to the treatment. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have emerged as excellent biocompatible nanocarriers for the sustained release and targeted transport of different pharmaceutical agents .

tuberculosis is caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis . found out more by click the file below !

https://www.tes.com/lessons/H5G74XGPH8cO7Q/edit

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its a valuable experience for me doing this virtual microbe with others universities' members which are from ukm, um and umt. i'm very glad for having them as my team members , Jazilah, Hai Feng, Sam, Auni, Azra, Alya and Chew as all of them being cooperative in finishing our task form beginning to the ending. For me, doing this project is very good, i learn many things besides enhancing my knowledge about microbiology , i also get to know and learn about e-learning tools like cliptomize, powtoon and many more.

As some of us is not from Microbiology field, we also share about what we know in microbiology to them when they ask us, so as microbiology student we share because yeahh we all learning together right..

Personally, at first when i was informed about this virtual microbe, i cant imagine how we going to pass through our virtual microbes because so many challenges to finish this project with internet connection problem, our different schedule  and so on. but then i realise this is a journey of learning,  so i have to learn and finally we all did it with joy !! Microbe that we adopt is Streptococcus Thermophilus which is a good bacteria that usually found in yogurt because it can produce lactic acid in fermentd product. Finally we all successfully finished with our product of our virtual microbe which are an awesome clipbook and a digital scrapbook.

powtoon video : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmMnUi1zvHw&t=1s

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reflective journal ~week 9 (types of fungi

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reflective journal ~week 9 (types of fungi

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i try to make it by comparing the types of fungi so for me, its easier to remember and differentiate.

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https://coggle.it/diagram/WCPzYQnl8LgCRjVQ

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we learn about new topic which is "The Protist" .
on monday, our class is at computer lab because our usual room was been used for an event.  So dr give us a task must be doing in  group. we need to create a medium which we prefer to study and that make us understand more about this topic.  After discussing my group want to summarise this topic by doing a comparison or create table for each group of the protist..which this will make us easy to remember when we want to do revision.

protists is under eukaryote and a unicellular organism.
under protist : 1) protozoa
2) algae
protist is chemoorganotrophic as it play role in recycling nitrogen and phosphorus.
NUTRITION ~ chemoheterorophic (saprophytes, osmotrophy,holozoic nutrition) / photoautotrophic( strict aerobes) / mixotrophic (use organic&inorganic carbon)
MORPHOLOGY ~
*PLASMA MEMBRANE- similar to multicellular animals/plants
*CYTOPLASM - outer gelatinous ectoplasm
- inner fluid region (endoplasma)
*PELLICLE STRUCTURE - for support
*VACUOLES - contractile vacuole (maintain osmoregulation)
- phagocytic vacuoles (allow to ingest food)
*ENERGY PRODUCTION through : mitochondria, chlorophlasts, hydrogenosome(in anaerobic )
*CILIA/FLAGELLA - motility/feeding

REPRODUCTION; - asexual (binary fisson) & sexual ( fusion of gamete in sygamy process)

PROTOZOA
-unicellular, animal like protists
-aerobic, anaerobic chemoheterotrophic organism
-reproduction: asexual (fission, budding, muliple fission(schizogony) ) & sexual (conjugation/produce gamete)

4 MAJOR GROUPS IN PROTOZOA ( desription in table below)
-ARCHAEOZOA
-RHIZOPODA
-CILIOPHORA
-APICOMPLEXA

on our next class, by grouping we create questions in quizlet.com based on protozoa topic and cannot look at the notes. so this is very challenging as we need to memorize what to write the questions and its answers  in this quizlet.what we did is discussing with team members.  later, dr allowed us to  shuffle to others groups and write what have not been wrote in their group's quizlet.
after that, we answer quizlet to trace our understanding in this topic of protozoa. this is so interesting for me as for first time  i get 80 marks then i try many times lastly i got 95 .

so this is what we have done . hope it will help us ! :D

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we must be able to distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as we had finish our topic on prokaryotes last week..~Eukaryote have membrane bounded organelle while prokaryote have non-bounded organelle.
~In eukaryotic cell, there are histones, nuclear envelope, chromatin and chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis while in prokaryotic cell does not have.
~eukaryotes have sterols (increase resistant to lysis) while prokaryotes have no sterols except Mycoplasma genum.
~in eukarotes, no group translocation neededbut in prokaryotes solutes can transport against concentration gradient by group translocation.

-Organelle in eukaryote, there are nucleus, golgi body, mitochondria,  endoplasmic reticulum, chlorophlast, vacuoles, lysosomes,peroxisome,centrosome,

we all played fun games organised by each groups . the games covered the topics in eukaryotes. my groups conduct a game based on mitosis and meiosis. such examples of questions:

1) what is the longest phase in mitosis :
-interphase
2)what drive the chromosome move to opposite poles?
-kinetochore
3)what happen when chromosome fail to separate?
-non disjunction

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on wednesday, we all do revision on prokaryotes, the internal and external structure .

first of all we need to know its size and shape :)

size: 0.2-2.0 micrometer (diameter) 2-8 micrometer (length)

shape:
1)coccus
-diplococci
-streptococci
-staphylococcus
-tetrads
-sarcinae( cubic configuration of 8 cocci)
2)bacillus
-diplobacilli
-streptobacilli                                                                                                        -palisade(X,Y,Z figures)
3)spiral
-spirillum
-spirochete(organism flexible and undulating

external structure ~
1)glycocalyx( sugar coat )--> capsule & slime layer
2)flagella
3)fimbriae and pili
4)axial and filament (spirochete shape)

for internal ,we must know about internal structures:
-cytoplasm
-ribosome (70s-30s+50s)
-nuclear area
-plasma membrane
-inclusion (7 types)
-endospore(resting structure for survival during adverse condition)

lastly,
we must know the differences between bacteria and archaea:-
and on fridayyyyy, test 1 is on !!

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Assalamualaikum :) we have learnt how to naming microbes and general rules in nomenclature.

strain is a subgroup of species with 1 or more characteristics that distinguish it from other subgroups of the same species.
For example;
~ E.coli strain O157:H7 & E. coli BF1072
#they are same species but different stain.

To identify and classifying microorganisms is based on :

-cell type
-shape and size
-cellular group( chain-strepto, cluster- staphylo)
-external structure ( inclusion granules, endospores, contractile vacuole, chloroplast)

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On friday, Dr suprising us with the task to do in the class. we have to sketch and mind map for prokaryote on the whiteboard infront of the class without looking at any notes.we only can discuss in group about 15 mins then we go infront, write down all the thing we remember in our head. luckily my group is second last and we can add up their points :D :D

this is my mindmap of prokaryotei did in popplet :)
http://popplet.com/app/#/3450952

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Assalamualaikum :)

So the fourth week we learnt about history of microscoy . here, I write briefly so its easy to remember it .

1. First microbiologist is Antonnie van Leeuwenhoek- discover animalcules-now referred as microorganisms

2. Robert Hooke- invent microscope

3. Spontaneous generations proposed by Van leeuwenhoek. Evidence-John Needham- experimenting, heat chicken and corn broth then pour in covered flask and were teeming by microorganisms when cooled.

4. Lazzaro Spallanzani- dissaproved John’s theory. Lazzaro heat the broth and pour into sealed flask- not develop microbial growth- he has been criticised because the microorganisms may lack of oxygen

5. Rudolf Virchow challenged theory spontaneous generation with concept of biogenesis.

BIOGENESIS-living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells

6. spontaneous generation vs biogenesis- resolved by Louis Pasteur

7. Pasteur experimenting-heat beef broth, then filled it into sealed flasks others left opened, no microorganisms

Then he placed into open ended long necked flasks bent into s-shape curve, boil and cool it- also no sign of life- conclusion, air passed through but curve neck has trapped airborne microorganisms.

i had watched many e-tutorial from virtual lab based on what i had learnt in the class and lab. the tutorial was very good because it shows one by one steps of the method.

first tutorial i watched is about testing for corn mold. it is a process of testing corn for the persence of Aflatoxin. briefly , in this  process we need to turn on black light and turn off room light. the corn will become black because of the presence of Aflatoxin that produced by Aspergillus mold.

second tutorial show how to do bacteria sampling. In this tutorial, it investigate the of pasteurized milk and raw milk. pasteurisation use rapid heat and cooling to kill bacteria and other pathogens. its ensure our drinks is safe to drink. the sample will be incubate in incubator temp. 32'C / 90'F thats is the perfect temp. for growing bacteria.

i get excited to see the tutorial of gram staining because it use yogurt for staining (this is because i like yogurt very much hehe) in yogurt they add some beneficial bacteria but sometimes bacteria such as Salmonella or E. coli will end up this. and can cause sickness.this is the method of gram staining.
1. crystal violet. wait 60 secs. rinse
2. iodine. wait 60 secs. rinse
3. alohol. wait 30 secs. rinse
4. safranin. wait 60 secs. rinse
5.dry off
if pink colour means the yogurt is contaminated.( indicate gram negative)

i also watched how to use oil immersion microscope as the tutorial shows very details.

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Assalamualaikum and hi to all J

This week we all had given tasks from Dr Wan to present about topic : microscopy . The presentation was good as we all need to do revision on our subtopic and thats trigger us to gain many knowledge about  our subtopic. Firstly, we need to know about the types of microscope which divides into two; light microscope and electron microscope. Under light microscope, there are 5 which is dark-field, bright field, phase-contrast, fluorescence and confocal  microscopes. The important thing is we have to differentiate of all these type microscopes when given micrographs. As I know,  to indentify dark-field microscope, it will produce bright image of object against dark background.

By using electron microscope, we can see 3D image while TEM ( Transmission Electron Microscope) we will see the internal ultrastructure in thin section of cell it means can see the cross section of viruses.

To use light microscope, we need to prepare specimens by doing wet mount and smears.  The smears steps involve preparing smears, fixation and staining. Three types of staining which are simple staining, differential staining and special staining.

I presented on subtopic of acid fast staining, so why we do this staining because some bacteria resist decolourisation by both acid and alcohol. So it referred as acid fast bacteria. Particularly the bacteria that must be stained by this method comes from genus Mycobacterium. This bacteria has high lipid content in cell wall (hydrophobic waxy lipid) also known as mycolic acid.
What is meant by ‘resist decolourisation’ is during decolourisation step, acid- alcohol cannot enter the cytoplasm due to the presence of the mycolic acid. Then the carbolfuschin (primary dye) cannot be removed from bacteria cell. So, the primary dye ( reddish purple) will remain in the cytoplasm.
You all can have a look at this image for more understanding on the procedure :)

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Home Bacteriology Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining procedure

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Assalamualaikum and hello :)

This is my reflection journal of third class of microbiology. I learned about the unique characteristics of microorganisms such as bacteria,archea, fungi, algae,protozoa and virus. Some extra information that I get from the discussions in the class was there are some positive gram bacteria produce endospore to adopt with the favourable conditions. In unfavorable condition, it will germinate to normal cell.

My friend told me about bacteria that can produce pure gold.I was curios,so i decided  to google on it and found many  interesting  information from Internets. First time I heard about this bacteria I was amazed and wonder if we, as human can own this bacteria as our pet (but of course not hehe.. ) because who knows it will give profits for us one day as it could give us pure  gold for free. This is what I found on the internet. Cupriavidus metallidurans (previously known as Ralstonia metallidurans) that belongs to beta class of proteobacteria can grow on a substantial concentration of toxic gold chloride (also known as liquid gold).This bacteria eating away toxins and produce 24-karat nugget gold which is pure gold. This bacteria was discovered from Scientists from Michigan State University, USA, Kazem Kashefi, assistant professor of microbiology and Adam Brown, associate professor of electronic art and intermedia . This microbial magician, C. metallidurans, when placed in a minilab full of gold chloride converts it to 24-carat gold in a week’s time, a process that this bacterium is thought to carry out regularly in nature. Although this bacterium can produce the 24-carat pure gold, but it has been said that it will be cost prohibitive to carry out this experiment at a larger scale. So, one should not see this as a golden investment in economic crisis. But, this discovery has surely created a debate over the use of science and technology.

Link:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3587520/

I also learned about bioremediation which is the uses of bacteria to treat the water pollutant such as oil spill. Bacteria eat the waste as it takes it as its source of nutrient. This waste management techniques will help to reduce the pollutant.

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Janet's grandmother has been in the hospital battling a chronic lung infection for two months. She was briefly on a ventilator to help her breathe, and a few days later she developed a secondary infection, called ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Janet was confused - her grandmother is in the hospital. How is she getting more sick instead of better when they are trying to help her? The nurse explained her grandmother experienced an Acinetobacter baumannii infection, which is all too common in long-term patients. Janet had never heard of Acinetobacter baumannii so she decided to do some research.

Unique characteristics :

-can survive on articial surfaces and resist dessication
- suspected to be favored in hospital settings due to the constant use of antibiotics by patients in the hospital.
-spread by person-to-person contact or contact with contaminated surfaces

Acinetobacter Treatment and 'Superbug' Antibiotic Resistance

http://www.everydayhealth.com/acinetobacter/guide/

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REFLECTIVE JOURNAL ~WEEK 1