# data[].attributes.body
Alberts, Bruce. “Signaling through G-Protein-Linked Cell-Surface Receptors.” Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th Edition., U.S. National Library of Medicine, Jan. 1970, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26912/.
“Ligands & Receptors.” Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/a/signal-perception.
Signaling via G-Protein-Coupled Receptors, www.web-books.com/MoBio/Free/Ch6D.htm.
“What Is Kidney Disease?” WebMD, WebMD, www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-kidney-disease-basic-information#1.
Cell Communication Processes in Biology, fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/memb/cellcomm.htm.
“Page Expired.” Case Western Reserve University, www.case.edu/pubaff/univcomm/cell-rsch.htm?nw_view=1444170057.

# data[].attributes.body
High blood pressure, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, enlarged kidney, the kidney is not able to filter blood properly ( may not see this effect initially)

# data[].attributes.body
PKD or polycystic kidney disease is an autosomal dominant disease.
PKD1 and PKD2  are apart of the polycystin protein family and they have lots of transmembrane domain. PKD is responsible for regulating intercellular calcium level through the calcium permeable cation channel. Its is also involved in G- protein coupled signal transduction pathways and tubular development. If PKD1 or PKD2 is mutated it leads to less intercellular calcium and more cAMP which is a second messenger that activates Protein Kinase A and result in messed up tube formation, inflammation, rapid cell growth, increases in fluid secretion. Cysts also begin to form in the renal tubes. These cysts start out small but then grow and fill with fluid resulting in many fluid filled cysts known as polycystic kidney disease.

# data[].attributes.body
Cell communication focuses on how a cell gives and receives messages with its environment and with itself. Cells do not live in isolation. Their survival depends on receiving and processing information from the outside environment, whether that information pertains to the availability of nutrients or changes in temperature

# data[].attributes.body
Chromosome region 4q21; around 15%

# data[].attributes.body
Chromosome region 16p13.3; around 85% cases

# data[].attributes.headline
Role of cyclic AMP or calcium ions in signal transduction? 

# data[].attributes.subject
Role of cyclic AMP or calcium ions in signal transduction? 

# data[].attributes.body
Cyclic AMP is a second messenger and also a derivative of ATP which is used as energy for intracellular transduction. Calcium ions help in cell exocytosis, motility, apoptosis, and transcription

# data[].attributes.headline
 How does a protein kinase cascade work? What does it do to the original signal?

# data[].attributes.subject
 How does a protein kinase cascade work? What does it do to the original signal?

# data[].attributes.body
Beginning with the ligand signaling molecule→ the receptor activates a relay molecule→ activates protein kinase 1..  In a protein kinase cascade the active protein kinase 1 transfers the phosphate from ATP to the next inactive protein kinase 2 molecule. The phosphorylation of protein kinase 2 by protein kinase 1  activates protein kinase 2 this keeps going through the cascade to the next inactive protein kinase . Amplifies the original signal

# data[].attributes.body
It transfers phosphate groups from ATP to proteins. This  results in a change of the target protein by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins.

# data[].attributes.headline
Local vs long distance signaling in animals.

# data[].attributes.subject
Local vs long distance signaling in animals.

# data[].attributes.body
Local signaling is when the signaling is close by ( Autocrine-signaling with self, juxtacrine-signaling to next door cell, paracrine- signaling to nearby cells)

Long distance signaling are signals that travel far (Endocrine- signaling far distances by sending hormones through the blood)

# data[].attributes.headline
How can plants and animals affect neighboring cells directly?

# data[].attributes.subject
How can plants and animals affect neighboring cells directly?

# data[].attributes.body
The plants and animals affect the neighboring cells directly through the plasmodesmata, which connects to neighboring cells by opening up channels through the cell wall of the plant

# data[].attributes.headline
The three stages of a signal transduction pathway 

# data[].attributes.subject
The three stages of a signal transduction pathway 

# data[].attributes.body
1. Reception - where a ligand (chemical signal) binds to a receptor protein on the surface of the cell or inside the cell
2. Transduction - Each relay molecule in the signal transduction pathway changes the next molecule in the pathway
3. Response - the signal triggers a specific cellular response

# data[].attributes.headline
G protein linked receptors (Signaling Pathway Involved) 

# data[].attributes.subject
G protein linked receptors (Signaling Pathway Involved) 

# data[].attributes.body
Mutations in PKD1 or PKD2 lead to a reduction in calcium levels and an increase amount of cAMP  and Protein Kinase lead to damage in  renal tube formation, inflammation, rapid cell growth, and an increase in fluid secretion.