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Having or showing a dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries.

Example: She's so xenophobic that she would never considered traveling to the Middle East.

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A general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision. (voters get to choose yes or no to a question like spending money on a new school).

Example:  Do you think people will vote in favor of the referendum to build a turf soccer field?

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the improvement or fixing of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc.

Example: Student senate has promised to reform the voting process.

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A procedure that allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term of office.

Example: My mom signed a petition to recall our mayor.

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To search for and expose real or alleged corruption, scandal, or the like, especially in politics.

Example: The campaign manager played the role of a muckraker when she leaked rumors about other candidates to the media.

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An organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests; a labor union.

Example:  As a plumber, my uncle was a member of the Plumbers Local 75 union.

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A political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group, commands the support of a group of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts. The machine's power is based on the ability of the workers to get out the vote for their candidates on election day. In many cases illegal actions are taken to control the government for the benefit of that group.

Example:  The political machine has a way of getting things done quickly and efficiently.

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Conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water, adequate sewage disposal and garbage disposal.

Example: The pool was shut down for sanitation reasons.

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A run-down and often overcrowded apartment house, especially in a poor section of a large city.

Example: Cabrini Green was a crumbling tenement in downtown Chicago.

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Becoming more like a city. When populations of people grow, the population of a place may spill over from city to nearby areas. Maybe tall apartment buildings spring up on what had been the outskirts of town, bringing more people there to live and work.

Example: The fast growing urbanization is leading to the decline of family farms.

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The right of citizens, outside the legislature (lawmakers), to introduce ideas for legislation (laws).

Example: The mayor proposed a new initiative to improve public schools.

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The process by which an economy is transformed from primarily agricultural (farming) to one based on the manufacturing of goods (machines and factory). Individual manual labor is often replaced by mechanized mass production, and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines.

Example: Industrialization has led to the pollution of air, land, and water.

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Coming to live permanently in a foreign country.

Example: The illegal immigration of Mexicans to the US is controversial.

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Dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery (giving money for favors).

Example: He bribed the corrupt judge and won the case.