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https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/pregnancy-and-diet
https://www.thewomens.org.au/health-information/pregnancy-and-birth/a-healthy-pregnancy/quick-tips/
http://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/nutrition#6
http://www.webmd.com/baby/prenatal-vitamins-nutrition-your-baby-needs
http://www.parents.com/pregnancy/my-body/nutrition/feed-baby-brain/
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/
http://www.thebump.com/a/food-poisoning-during-pregnancy
http://www.nutritionaustralia.org/

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Whilst pregnant, it is important to maintain a healthy diet by not only eating healthy, but taking in a wide variety of nutrients in order for optimal growth and health of the baby. It is not necessary for you (the mother) to eat for two, but what you do eat needs to be rich in nutrients for both you and your baby. Many women worry about the thought of gaining weight whilst pregnant, but it is not advised to diet during pregnancy as it can seriously compromise your health and that of your baby. Pregnancy can be a time of change and stress for you, so it is important to be informed about how to stay healthy while you are an expectant mother!

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Description of nutrition as a risk factor for maternal health

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Description of nutrition as a risk factor for maternal health

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Vitamin D: Low levels of vitamin D can cause muscle weakness and pain in women

Caffeine: it is suggested that drinking too much caffeine may be associated with an increased risk of miscarriage.

Iron: Iron-deficiency anaemia during pregnancy is associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight, and infant mortality which can mentally affect the mother and physically affect the child.

Fibre: not enough fibre intake is related to some women experiencing constipation, usually towards the later parts of pregnancy.

--> Salmonella can lead to many health complications during pregnancy such as dehydration, bacteria in the blood which can lead to meningitis (infection that causes swelling in the brain and spinal cord) and reactive arthritis. Symptoms of salmonella may be nausea, vomiting or stomach cramps

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Description of nutrition as a risk factor for foetal health

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Description of nutrition as a risk factor for foetal health

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Iodine: Inadequate iodine (seafood, eggs, meat and dairy) intake during pregnancy increases the risk of mental impairment and cretinism in the newborn baby.

Vitamin A: supplements are rarely recommended for pregnant women. This is because an excessive intake of vitamin A may cause birth deformities. Liver is a main source of vitamin A, which should be avoided due to it having very high amounts of this vitamin in it.

Alcohol: A woman who intakes any amount of alcohol during pregnancy is able to cause many risk factors toward the baby. Alcohol consumption increases the risk of miscarriage. It can also increase the chance of the baby being born with low birth weight, congenital deformities and effects on the baby’s intelligence.

Caffeine: If the mother has too much caffeine during pregnancy, it could cross the placenta and affect the baby’s heart rate.

Folate: not enough folate intake can increase the risk of spinal problems such as spina bifida. Also, if there is a family history of cleft lip, spinal problems or you are taking an anti-epilepsy medication, more folate may need to be taken

--> Salmonella can be passed onto your baby during pregnancy. If the child is born whilst the mother has salmonella, they may have diarrhoea and fever after birth, along with developing meningitis.

--> Illness in mothers during pregnancy does not always affect the child, but in serious cases such as listeria and salmonella (bacteria in uncooked foods) may cause miscarriage, premature delivery, infection or death to the newborn.

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Nutrition as a protective factor for maternal health

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Nutrition as a protective factor for maternal health

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Pregnancy is a big part of many women’s lives, and it needs to be taken very seriously in order to create a healthy baby. Protein, iron, folate, calcium, iodine and zinc are very important nutrients to take in whilst pregnant, as you need to create a nutrient-rich lifestyle.

Iron: During pregnancy, it is normal for a woman iron levels to be depleted, so increasing iron intake will help build and maintain the amount of iron stored. The developing foetus takes iron from the mother to last the first 5 or 6 months after birth. Foods such as meat, chicken, seafood, dried beans and lentils, and green leafy vegetables are good sources of iron for intake during pregnancy.

Folate: Folic acid is important to take in during a pregnancy in order to protect your child. Folate can be found as folic acid in many wheat flour foods such as breakfast cereals and bread, along with some juices, asparagus, peas and lentils.

Calcium: this nutrient protects your bone density and also may help to prevent high blood pressure while you're pregnant. Calcium also regulates your body’s use of fluids.

Vitamin D: vitamin D is important in a pregnant woman as it keeps your bones healthy.

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Nutrition as a protective factor for foetal health

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Nutrition as a protective factor for foetal health

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Calcium: Calcium is an important nutrient for a pregnant woman to take in as it is the nutrient necessary for bones and teeth developing in the baby. Calcium intake is important for the hardening of bones of an individual during times of rapid growth.

Folate: Folate needs to be consumed by a pregnant woman as it is a part of the B group vitamins. This vitamin is important in reducing the risk of the baby neural tube defects in a growing foetus.

Iodine: Iodine is a mineral that is needed for the production of the thyroid hormone, which is important for growth and development of the baby. Iodine is also important for brain development, which is why the mother needs to

Vitamin D: Vitamin D is very important for the development of your baby’s bones and teeth. Vitamin D can be obtained from sun exposure, food and supplements.

Iron: Iron helps your blood deliver oxygen to the baby, and will stop it from being born too early or too small. This is done by it making red blood cells that carry/supply oxygen to cells in the baby for energy and growth. This is important for the baby to maintain a healthy immune system.

--> Fish is important for developing your baby’s brain and nervous tissue