# data[].attributes.body
John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States
John Marshall's Supreme Court. Marbury v. Madison was one of the most important decisions in U.S. judicial history, because it legitimized the ability of the Supreme Court to judge the constitutionality of acts of the president or Congress.

# data[].attributes.body
It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".
The Court ruled on the concept of 'separate but equal' and set back civil rights in the United States for decades to come.

# data[].attributes.body
The Court's decision in Dred Scott vs. Stanford holding that blacks could not be U.S. citizens, exacerbated sectional tensions between North and South.
His case was based on the fact that he had lived in states and territories where slavery was illegal.

# data[].attributes.body
He was the 16th president who made it illegal for more people to become slaves.
People did not like it and were unhappy with his decision, because they kept thinking that he was taking away slavery completely.

# data[].attributes.body
Harriet Tubman was an American abolitionist, humanitarian, and an armed scout and spy for the United States Army during the American Civil War.
Despite a bounty on her head, she returned to the South at least 19 times to lead her family and hundreds of other slaves to freedom via the Underground Railroad.

# data[].attributes.body
James Madison, Jr. was a political theorist, American statesman, and the fourth President of the United States.
wrote the first drafts of the U.S. Constitution, co-wrote the Federalist Papers and sponsored the Bill of Rights.

# data[].attributes.body
Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence.
One of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America for the central role he played in drafting the Declaration of Independence.

# data[].attributes.body
Was an English Philosopher who expressed the idea that people are born with natural rights.
John Locke was one of the most important and influential philosophers ever. The French Enlightenment drew heavily on his ideas, as did the Founding Fathers of the American Revolution.

# data[].attributes.body
George Calvert was the first person to dream of a colony in America where Catholics and Protestants could prosper together.
Created the colony of Maryland, he formed it based on the ideas of freedom of religion and separation of church and state.

# data[].attributes.body
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States.
This would involve separate drinking foundations for blacks and whites, separate bathrooms, schools, libraries, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
In the United States, the poll tax has been connected with voting rights.

A poll or head tax is one imposed equally on all adults at the time of voting and is not affected by property ownership or income.

# data[].attributes.body
It fed, clothed, helped them find jobs, provided a home, and educated the African Americans.
It was the start of people helping the African Americans.

# data[].attributes.body
The 15th Amendment to the Constitution granted African American men the right to vote.
The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States is important because it guarantees voting rights to all American males of all races.

# data[].attributes.body
Was ratified on July 9, 1868
Granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed.

# data[].attributes.body
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States and was the first of three Reconstruction Amendments adopted in the five years following the American Civil War.

# data[].attributes.body
It was the rebuilding of the  south after the civil war.
It was how they continued after the civil war.

# data[].attributes.body
The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."
With the Emancipation Proclamation, the aim of the war changed to include the freeing of slaves in addition to preserving the Union.

# data[].attributes.body
The action or an act of abolishing a system, practice, or institution.
In the decades before the Civil War, anti-slavery sentiment sparked an abolitionist movement that employed risky and radical tactics to bring an end to slavery.

# data[].attributes.body
Was a Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States.
Second Great Awakening painted God as a benevolent and compassionate ruler who only wanted the salvation of every man

# data[].attributes.body
Was the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.
It was the primary force that caused the United States to expand west across North America.

# data[].attributes.body
a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.
Mormonism was not simply another Christian sect or denomination but was the only new religious tradition founded in nineteenth-century America.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma.
One of the worst human rights disasters to befall Native American peoples in United States history.

# data[].attributes.body
a principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823,
it meant that the American continents were off-limits to further European colonization.

# data[].attributes.body
was a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.
It doubled the country's size and opened up the possibilities for westward expansion.

# data[].attributes.body
review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.
part of the checks and balances to limit the authority of the legislative branch.

# data[].attributes.body
the clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.

# data[].attributes.body
the accompanying clause with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
government shall make no law prohibiting the free exercise of religion.

# data[].attributes.body
Which are also the first 10 amendments guaranteed the freedoms of speech, press, and religion; protection from unreasonable searches and seizures; an the fight to a trial by jury.
It gave people something to have that says they have rights.

# data[].attributes.body
the federal principle or system of government.
the balance and boundaries between the national and state government

# data[].attributes.body
a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution.
they also had an impressive group of leaders who were especially prominent in state politics.

# data[].attributes.body
The supporters of the proposed Constitution.
heir goal was to promote the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

# data[].attributes.body
was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States constitution
It created the judicial branch it outlawed slavery or it settled the balance of power between large and small states in the new congress.

# data[].attributes.body
the original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781
it provided enough of a structure for the nation to survive during those eight years, while the American people learned about the requirements to run an effective national government.

# data[].attributes.body
Rights that people supposedly have under natural law.
Government is morally obliged to serve people, namely by protecting life, liberty, and property.

# data[].attributes.body
It outlined why the colonists should be free of British rule.
It was the breakup letter to Britain .

# data[].attributes.body
The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy,
It established the United States of America as an independent nation.

# data[].attributes.body
The Sons of Liberty was an organization of American colonists that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government.
Their purpose was to resist some of the British laws, such as the stamp act.

# data[].attributes.body
The French and Indian War was a seven- year war between England and the American colonies, against the French and some of the Indians in North America.
The French and Indian War began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

# data[].attributes.body
an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.
A fundamental principle of the United States Federal Government in which each distinct branch, the legislative, executive and judicial, can check and balance the other to prevent the concentration of power.

# data[].attributes.body
An intellectual revolution from the late 1700's to early 1800's in Europe and America.
It shed light on to the process of scientific thinking.