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Food is a very important aspect of many family traditions and Caribbean culture. During holidays and other special events, it is not uncommon for people to spend many days preparing food. Caribbean dishes are influenced by Chinese, Indian, Dutch, French, Spanish, British, and Amerindian food. A popular Caribbean dish is seasoned jerk chicken. Chicken, goat, and curry are popular foods throughout the English influenced areas of the Caribbean, particularly Tobago, Trinidad, and Guyana. French food is popular in the French influenced areas of the Caribbean, Guadeloupe and Haiti, for example. Rice served with beans and different sauces is a staple food throughout the Caribbean. In the British Caribbean, a popular meal is pelau, a mixture of saltfish, beef, and chicken meat with rice, pigeon peas, and other vegetables. A prominent African influenced Caribbean dish, callaloo, combines leafy greens with okra. These are just a few delicious dishes that have been passed down to the Caribbean.

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The melting pot of cultures in the islands and coastal areas surrounding the Caribbean sea have made this region one of the most fertile breeding grounds for music anywhere in the world. Every island and every stretch of coastline boasts at least one signature style of music, and often more, each different from the rest, but all bearing an irresistible, dance-friendly rhythm. Some music styles include: Regge in Jamaica; Calypso, soca, chutney and rapso from Trinidad and Tobago, Compas from Haiti, Bachata from the Dominican Republic, just to name a few.

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The Caribbean is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which are enclosed by the sea), and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America. This video will show the natural and innocent beauty of our Caribbean.

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The Caribbean is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which are enclosed by the sea), and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America.

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National Anthems of some Caribbean Islands

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National Anthems of some Caribbean Islands

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After each island gained their Independence, they now could have their own national anthem to represent their own people and land.

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Our Caribbean is very rich in history. It has not always been an easy history based on peace, unity and happiness, it has actually   been a nightmare for some our forefathers, especially for the Africans and East Indians during the time of colonialism. However, our Caribbean has grown a lot from colonialism to now. Our Caribbean has become Independant, we are responsible for ourselves. We manage our oun affairs and we have moved up in the social and economic world. Many great leaders have emerged from our lands, some of them include Dr. Eric Williams, Trinidad and Tobago first Prime Minister, Portia Simpson-Miller, Jamaica's first woman Prime Minister who broke that barrier of gender. Other influencial people may include, Cricketer Garfield Sobers from Barbados, Brian Lara, The Mighty Sparrow from Grenada, Bob Marley, whose music is famous around the world, Janelle Commissiong the first black Miss Universe and the list can go on and on.

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Steel pans (steel drums)were created on the Caribbean island of Trinidad in the 1930s, but steel pan history can be traced back to the enslaved Africans who were brought to the islands during the 1700s.
They carried with them elements of their African culture including the playing of hand drums. These drums became the main percussion instruments in the annual Trinidadian carnival festivities. It is a very important part of our Caribbean culture today.

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BP Renegades Steel Orchestra / International Panorama Competition

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Machel Montano - Remedy (Steelpan Version)

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Festival are very important to the Caribbean and reflect the rich cultural diversity and history of our region. It is also considered a great potential for cultural entrepreneurship and provide at the same time various forms of cultural expression. The Caribbean is a diverse place in which there are many traditions, the Indian immigrants contributed the festivals of Divali and Eid-ul Fitr. Some other festivals that are celebrated in the Caribbean include Vive la Rose in St Lucia, the Junkanoo Festival in the Bahamas, Emancipation Day, Corpus Christi was brought by the Roman Catholics, the Hosay festival, Carnival, etc.

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One must focus on their cultural artifacts, because that is the most obvious way in which they can get culture and identity. These artifact may include music, dance, festivals, food and aesthetics. Other artifacts are architecture, visual arts, writing, education, socialization, games and sports, leisure, kinship patterns, attire, languages, dialects, accents, rituals, folklore, myths, material artifacts, etc. These factors are configured into a cultural mould that gives unique shape to the Caribbean mind.

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The people of the Caribbean is often stratified according to class and colour. It is very complex, because race and culture, go together with class and colour. All of this mix creats a confusing idea of Caribbean people and where they are at. However, it must be understood that cultural identity is based on the individual's perception of themselves. The Caribbean doesn't have one culture and this is because our people are diverse and each group came from a different background and the customs and culture of each was passed down from generation to generation. Hence, the culture being diverse just like the people.

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Many view culture as the symbolic, ideational and intangable aspects of human societies. In other words, it is something you cannot touch. It is the values, symbols, interpretations and perspectives that distinguish one people from another in modernized societies. (Banks,J.A, & McGee 1989) In reference to artifacts, it is not the thing itself, that points to the culture but how it is used. The Caribbean culture gives a sence of identity, both in size and numbers, because it makes individuals feel that they belong to a large group, which they can draw strength from.

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Prior to Emancipation and Indentureship, women who came to the Caribbean, came and worked alongside the men as labourers, they were working women. As the Caribbean moved away from Emancipation and Indentureship, there was the desire to recreate fable family structures. This is when the creation of the housewife occured, because then the people were focused on moving towards having families and family structures and allocating roles which would nuture the family. The people now had the opportunity the leave the fields and focus on the rearing of the children and creating a comfortable home. However, in present times apart from being homemakers, women also have careers and day jobs, so at the end of it all women still work during the day , as well as when they come home, just as it was during slavery and indentureship.

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The Hidden Cirriculum would be not just what is taught according to the formal syllabus, but the attitudes and values that you are taught during the process of education. In the hidden cirriculum ideas is received about what is acceptable, what is respectable, and what you are suppose to aspire to. However, most of the hidden cirriculum of the Caribbean was transferred here by the Europeans due to their hierarchy status during the past eras in which the people were subjected to follow in their footsteps. One such cirriculum is the wearing of the tie, Europeans wear ties to guard them against the cold weather of their country, today Caribbean people in the tropical climate is seen wearing it, it is even the part of school uniforms.

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The Indentured labourers who came in the 1840s, didn't want their children to assimilate with any of the ex-slaves. Many of them were Hindus and Muslims and they didn't want their culture to get mixed up with what was present in the Caribbean. So, to fulfill their needs, the Presbyterian Church and their missionaries came to the region specifically to serve the needs of the Indentured labourers. This is the reason why most Presbyterians today are of East Indian descent.

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Prevailing attitudes in society saw the role of a man as being far more important than the role of the woman in terms of productivity, as well as , education was very expensive, so the men was given first preference to it since he was to be the head of a home eventually. This lead to the education of man and boys gaining the focus over the education of girls. However, coming into Independence, the State now found it their responsibility to educate the nation's young people. The Governments had now made education free or almost free for all. This lead to the girls now getting the opportunity to aquire an education.

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The History of Education in the Caribbean

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The History of Education in the Caribbean

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Education didn't fit well with the planters, simply because it meant that the enslaved would be taken away from their duties. It also meant that it would have opened the minds of the enslaved which would have lead them to question the very foundation of the enslaved system. And so it became another means of maintaining social control. However, after Emancipation, the planters realized that they could no longer punish the Afrians ex-slaves and they used education to manipulate their minds into remaining in their servile roles. Education would have allowed these people to fit themselves into that role without using the force of the whip. Education begun in the late 1800s and it focused on skills training, so that the new workforce would have needed a range of skills to serve on the plantations.

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Religion: The History of Christianity in the Caribbean

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Religion: The History of Christianity in the Caribbean

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Religion was one of the first missions that came to the Caribbean. In fact when the Spanish came, part of their mission was to win souls. However, this didn't happen the way in which it was intended. Most of the clergy /  religious heads who were assign to the Caribbean often became caught up in the secular activities of the Caribbean. Wealth was what drived most of the Europeans and the missionaris were also in persuit of economic gain, and so the Christianizing of the native people, often fell by the waste side. However, when we view the Caribbean it is noticed that it was Christians who tried to make an impact in terms of winning the souls of the region. The Roman Catholic Church came first and they have maintained to this day its influence in the Caribbean. There were also the Anglican, the Moravians, the Methodists, the Baptiste and other churches coming into the islands. Although these churches would have preached the Word of God, they would have directed most of the teachings to encourage the enslaved to be an obedient and docile workforce, so, Christianity was in fact exploited to the benefits of the planters.

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Double Consciousness is the feelings experienced  by the diasporic person or community who in the new homeland is torn by two sets of identities. On one hand, life has begun anew in the new place that now represents home. On the other hand, home is the origional homeland and there is a yearning to return to that home land. Many individuals of the Caribbean still feel a pull back to "Mother" Africa, India, Europe, China, etc. as the case may be. Double Consciousness creates a sence of dual identity.

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Even though we are all Caribbean people, we tend to see divides among our people. Most of the divides are due to differences in race and ethnicity. It must remembered that everyone shares a common history which included slavery, and indentureship. However, the people of the Caribbean is known to forget these differences especially in times of sport, Carnival, music, art festivals, etc. These events in our society gives us a particular identity, a "Caribbean identity." It brings the Caribbean people together as one, especially when seated in the stadium during a cricket match, at that point in time, everyone is West Indians.

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As Caribbean people we don't know who we really are. Colonialism left us in a state of confusion but, it is something that we must deal with, because we exist and we need to understand our identy and most of all, be proud of it. When we are dealing with Identity, we must realize that our identy consists of many different ingredients. By having many different ingredients can also lead to problems because an identity comes from and includes everything, all characteristics, Some of these characteristics may include: history, religion, race, ethnicity, etc.Therefore, identity is not fixed, it is fluid. It is influenced by personal choice and by society and it also consists of how a person sees the world. In the Caribbean, people still tend to segregate themselves into the racial and ethnic gruops form since colonial days and it can be seen in society, for example the 2 leading politlcal parties in Trinidad and Tobago.

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Both Africans and Indians experienced problems because of the planters' quest for exploited labour. Because of the abuse these two groups experienced, it resulted in mental scars and created mistrust among the Caribbean people. The planters by their social ideas & practices created the seed of social, racial and cultural dis-harmony between the Africans and the Indans and by extension resulted in futher class, colour, ethnic, religious and economic divisions among the Caribbean people.

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The Indians was initially under a five year work obligation and had the "option" to provide a further five year period of work. However, it was only after 10 years were they allowed to return to Indian by which the Europeans made it hard to accomplish. They were promised free passage back to India but this was never granted. They had to buy their own passage but, they were very under paid and most of them could not have afforded to return to their homeland.

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Reasons the East Indians came to the Caribbean

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Reasons the East Indians came to the Caribbean

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First and foremost they came with the hope of earning better revenue. Also many Indians were told that the Caribbean was the economic answer to their dreams, and as such many vulnerable persons looking for work volunteered their services, so they found a contact to come to the Caribbean with the hope of a better life for when they return to India as was the promise made to them only to fit the need of the planters. Also, many Indians were being tricked into coming so, many of them placed their marks upon contracts which they couldn't read and understand. Some of them also came to escape problematic social situations at home.

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After Emancipation the planters had been compensated for each Act of Abolition and could now rehire the same apprentices as cheap labour, which they again tried to exploit. This was termed as double victimization. It was just ironic that the greatest abuse against humanity was the enslavement of the Africans and it was the planters that walked away with their pocket filled with 20 million pounds and the ex-slaves only went with their freedom, with nothing in their hands, not even land to live on or cash.

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The manipulation of labour by the planters, mannipulating the labour of both Africans & Indians to a great extent resulted in the most positive and negative effects throughout the Caribbean. Positively, we have a rich immigration, culture, religion and people. A rich immigration of ideas, sayings and practices which are all indigenous to our region.We all have a common history and identity of migration and exploitation.

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East Indian Immigration came to an end for a number of reasons. One reason being that India petitioned for an end to East Indian Immigration. Another reason was due to the price of sugar dropping in the market as many competition came such as beet sugar. After 1917 a large number of East Indians returned home however many of them chose to stay in the Caribbean, residing in colonies and they continued to develop the region. Some got involved in retail trade and built their own villages, while others became farmers planting rice, cocoa, coffee, etc. Those who stayed kept their cultures which added to the already diverse Caribbean culture. For example their food, music, clothes, traditions, religions, etc.

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Gender was an organizational principle on the Sugar Estates, however it wasn't a constant principle. It in fact changed according to where you were put to work on the estate. In the Great House, women were dominant however on the fields, gender didn't matter both men and women worked alike. In the Refinery the men were dominant as they were given the more important jobs as well as in the Penns, the boys were dominant there. Women were in charge of taking care of the enslaved huts as they were seen as the weaker sex and that it was a woman's job to take care of household duties. However, in today’s society, women have gained upward social mobility through education, for example Mrs. Portia Simpson-Miller who served as Jamaica’s Prime Minister during March 2006 to September 2007 and again in January 2012 to March 2016.

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The Arrival of the East Indian Indentures

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The Arrival of the East Indian Indentures

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A video presentation outlining the arrival of East Indian Indentured labourers to Trinidad during the period 1845 to 1917. This presentation was done for Indian Arrival Day celebrations at St Augustine South Government Primary School (SASGPS). The background music is in Hindi and is based on Psalms 91: "He that dwelleth in the secret place of the most High shall abide under the shadow of the Almighty. I will say of the LORD, He is my refuge and my fortress: my God; in him will I trust."

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A video presentation outlining the arrival of East Indian Indentured labourers to Trinidad during the period 1845 to 1917. This presentation was done for Indian Arrival Day celebrations at St Augustine South Government Primary School (SASGPS).

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The Indian Immigrants living conditions were very poor. They were given the abandoned huts and barracks of the ex-slaves. There were no privacy, no ventilation and sanitation was terrible. The Indians suffered from malaria, dysentery, cholera and parasite related diseases such as hookworms, ground itch and anaemia. They would also fall victim to yellow fever and small pox. As a result of this, the immigrants were often sick and there was a high infant mortality rate.

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This Act equalized sugar, meaning that the Tariffs and the protection measures that kept Caribbean sugar cheaper were moved. The market was now open to which all of the different sugars competed. Caribbean sugar therefore couldn't compete in this type of environment, especially against the beet root sugar which was being produced locally in England and was cheaper. The Caribbean's sugar industry was under pressure.

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The Indian Immigrants were the second largest diaspora to come to the Caribbean during 1838-1917. They were brought under "tight contracts" which gave them very little leeway and it was almost as bad as enslavement. It was a way of procuring that cheap labour which the British planters wanted and one that could be manipulated to their benefit.

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After the end of slavery  and together with the failure of the Apprenticeship period, the plantations were in great demand of getting new labor as the free Africans left the plantations. The Planters formulated new immigration schemes which was based on bringing in people from different parts of the world. This is where we have the different diasporas coming into the Caribbean. Some of the daisporas include: the Europeans, Chinese, Freed Africans, Portuguese and the Indians.

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The Apprenticeship period was designed to ease the transition from slavery to freedom by forcing the ex-slaves to remain on the pantations. Its main purpose was to prevent the immediate large-scale abandonment of estates by the workers. However, in reality it was just another European scheme to keep exploiting the ex-slaves in order to continue getting free labour from them without giving them any monetary payment.

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In the British Caribbean this came between 1834, when a law was passed by the British Parliment to abolish slavery throughout the empire, and 1838, when the apprenticeship system collapsed prematurely.

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These penns were areas where the animals of the estates would be kept and in these areas , there would normally have children attending the animals. In the penns the boys dominated the girls as they were seen as more capable of rounding up the animals if they went wondering.

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When the work on the estate was done and the enslaves went home to their huts or slave quarters, the women were the ones to do all the house work and take care of all the children, even though they worked all day just like the men, they still had to come home and work again, all because the home was seen as a woman's job. They were also seen as a better nurturing gender than the men.

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The refinery is the place where the sugarcane is carried in order to be processed into sugar, it was an important place on the estate, it was also a very hot place. Back then men were seen as the more strong and intelligent sex and they were given the more important task to do within the refinery. For example, the boiler man, his job was very important sine he was the one to determine when was the right strike moment to take the molten sugar off the heat.

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In the fields, gender did not matter, what mattered was the enslaves' ability to work so neither men nor women dominated the fields. each enslaved was fitted to a gang and each gang had to carry out their duties which was allotted to them, both effectively and efficiently.

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This was a great house where the planters or their representatives used to live. However, it was dominated in numbers by women, both black and white. The white being the wives of planters and the enslaved were there to do all the household chores which included being wet nurses, cooks, servants, attendants, etc. During this era, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, gender played a signifiant part in what was given to the women to do.

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The enslaved women also had their burden to bear. They were forced to take part in tying down their husbands and family members to be flogged. This was a form of mental torture. If an enslaved pregnant woman was to be punished, they would have dug a hole in the earth for her belly to fit and then proceed with the beating. This act usually resulted in many miscarriages. I can't begin to imagine why the white masters or human beings for that matter, would do something lke that.

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The enslaved Africans was put to face cruelty of many different forms, in fact, whatever the slaves master felt like inflicting on them is what took place. There were no laws in place to protect them. One such punishment was called "Derby's dose." This happened when the enslaved was caught sucking cane. They basically took faeces from another slave, put it in the mouth of the one found guilty and then tied his mouth shut for hours. This act is nothing but horrendous.

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The Zong was a slave ship that covered the middle passage. Many of the enslaved died of sicknesses and diseases due to malnutrition, overcrowding and terrible conditions. The captain of the ship 'Luke Collingwood' decided that he will make more profit from recieving the cargo insurance, so he decided to throw the enslaved overboard and to cover up his actions, said it was due to a water shortage. The prosecutors of the case eventually realized that it was a case of mass murder and the insurance was not granted.

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Chattel Slavery was not like normal slavery, slaves had absoutely no rights and were viewed as property, not as humans. When the Africans traded their people into slavery, they had no idea that they were sending them into chattel slavery which was nothing but cruelity and torture. This torture started from the journey itself, where the enslaved were packed like sardines in the ships with no room for movement. They were surrounded by each others faeces, many of them got sick and died and some even tried to commit suicide.

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Slavery was a system that was used in all civilizations and it was a legitimate form of production. There was African slavery (Africans selling Africans), Indian slavery in India, Chinese slavery in China and it was also found in Europe.

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Sugarcane was the most important crop throughout the Caribbean, although other crops such as coffee, cocoa, tobacco, indigo, and rice were also grown. The production of sugarcane was very labour intensive and as a result of this, labour was seeked or taken from many different people and races. This crop is the main reason our caribbean's people and culture are diversify.

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The first group of people that came under bonded contracts were actually white labour, from England, Ireland and Wales. They came under extreme conditions and slavery. Although they were on 5-10 years contract, they were subject to inhumane conditions and cruelty, because of their backward class status. English masters only saw them fit to be used for their labour.

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The encomienda system was created by the Spanish to control and regulate the native's labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas. This system lead to the Repartimiento system, which eventually lead to the brutality and death of the natives.

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Demographic diversity means that there were different groups of people coming into the region. Each group that came left their impression on our lands. Some of the groups included the the first Africans, Europeans, the enslaved whites, the enslaved Africans, Chinese and East Indians to name a few.

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REDEMPTION SONG
Written by Bob Marley.
Song lyrics are in bold, the meanings of the lyrics are in italics.

Old pirates, yes, they rob I I, and 9-12 million Africans were robbed of our freedom and sent to the Americas as slaves
Sold I to the merchant ships from the European Empires, who’d grown rich supplying colonies with human labor
Minutes after they took I 15% died en route, the others suffered greatly
From the bottomless pit The survivors were put straight to work in appalling conditions, with no way out
But my hand was made strong by the same people who made it weak: the European Empires, specifically Britain

By the ’and of the Almighty well, Brits, initially aimed to abolish the slave trade then slavery throughout the Empire
We forward in this generation the first step: a landmark 1722 legal decision ruled slavery wasn’t supported by English law
Triumphantly The Abolition of slavery: 1st mass protest campaign in modern history, paved the way for the rest
Won’t you help to sing William Wilberforce MP, did

This songs of freedom? he relentlessly campaigned for change from within parliament for 26 years
’Cause all I ever have 1807 Slave Trade Act banning the slave trade, and ensuring the Navy would enforce it
The fight to end slavery continued until 1833, when the Anti-Slavery Act was passed
Redemption songs It was the tireless activism of parliamentary and public campaigners that did it
Redemption songs and the same techniques are just as capable of ending injustices today

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The Renaissance which means the rebirth or revival in terms of knowledge, is the reason for the development in technology and tools during the 14th and 17th centuries. During this period new navigational techniques and devices were introduced to Europeans, which in turn encouraged exploration. It also encouraged curiosity and desire for trade which resulted in European nations becoming powerful and influencial.

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This is a misinterpretation of the British people. The Europeans saw it fit to use these terms to simplify their mission as they explored the Caribbean. When the natives attacked them, they classed them as Caribs and when they were submissive the Europeans said they were the Arawaks. However, there were no such groups as Caribs and Arawaks, they were one and the same people, the Neo-Indians.

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The Meso Indians reflect a development of their earliest people and civilization. They got their name based on their hunting and gathering skills. They also had their own settlements where hey hearded animals together and gardened fruits and berries. Their lifestyle allowed them to sustain larger groups and maintain longer lives which helped in diversifying their culture and civilisation. This was 3000 years before Columbus.

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The early inhabitants of the Caribbean were the Paleo-Indians. They started colonizing the Caribbean as early as 7000 YBP (years before present). Researchers believe that they travelled from the mainland to the caribbean by means of rafts. They were characterized as being collectors and gatherers of food as well as hunters of the big game. It is believed that they migrated a lot because of large game animals becoming extinct which led to the decrease of big game hunting culture on the main lands.

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The history of the Caribbean reveals the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers since the 15th century. ... Genocide, slavery, immigration and rivalry between world powers have given Caribbean history an impact disproportionate to the size of this small region.

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Colonialism

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Colonialism in the Caribbean: The Bitter Reality of Satisfying Europe's Sweet Tooth

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National History Day 2012 - Senior Individual Documentary "Colonialism in the Caribbean: The Bitter Reality of Satisfying Europe's Sweet Tooth" Theme: Revolution, Reaction, Reform National Qualifier, 1st in Washington State

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Colonialism is the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. This is what our beloved Caribbean had suffered during the 1400s, when Christopher Columbus rediscovered the islands. During this era many countries as well as the Caribbean went through European Colonialization.

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In 1492, Christopher Columbus made landfall on a small island in the Caribbean. His historic voyage ignited the age of exploration and cross-Atlantic expansion by European settlers. It was written that he had discovered the Caribbean however, upon arrival; there were other groups of people who were already settled and made the Caribbean their home. The Caribbean therefore was already discovered and inhabited. These people were referred to as the Neo-Indians and they were viewed by the Europeans as uncivilized savages. The Europeans being a literate society saw the preliterate Neo Indians as inferior and strived to destroy them as they were not seen as civilized, literate, functional and progressive.

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Civilization is the stage of human social development and organization which is considered most advanced. Civilizations are not better or worse but mearly different from each other. In 1492, when Christopher Columbus rediscovered the Caribbean, he believed the natives to be uncivilized however; the natives were already civilized in their own manner, just not to the Eurocentric standards. Even though their form of civilization wasn’t like the Europeans, the Neo-Indians were fully functional. They were literate and had already mastered the art of Animal Husbandry and Crop Cultivation. They were also developed in the sexual division of labour and had among them skilled craftsmen and other occupations other than hunting and farming. They were a progressive and functional people in their own native way.

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Revisionism refers to the re-telling or the re-interpretation of the past. We cannot rethink ideas or the past in the instance, without a sound reason or will. Proper and intensive research must be done first in order to justify the rethinking. History as we know it was written mainly from a Eurocentric and androcentric perspective. It was told according to the perception of these men in history and how a situation was viewed in their eyes. Be that as it may, since history was based on men’s perception, history may or may not be true or accurate to what had really occurred. The story of the Neo Indians therefore may have a lot of loop holes in them and this is where revisionism comes in, it’s the quest to understand the past by using factual artefacts such as pottery, culture, etc.