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In general, Orthopedics surgeons are doctors who specialize in the musculoskeletal system, that includes, bones, tendons, ligaments and muscles that are essential to movements and basic activities.

Orthopedic surgery was dominated by private institutions, which were a privilege of wealthier classses.

In the early 1800's, Orthopedic surgery was avoided due to high mortality rates from blood loss and infection, but when surgery was needed for open fractures, the most common operation was amputation. Patients were sedated using herbal remedies and alcohol, other than that they were wide awake during those procedures. the minor injuries were treated by immobilizing and bracing the injury with a solid plank.

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A bandage for fractures of the clavicle, circa 1814.

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during this circa, anesthesia was introduced. without it modern medicine would not have been possible. Before it, herbal mixtures and alcohol were used as sedatives.
Now crushed bone fragments were being easily extracted from the body with the help of anesthesia.
fractures and dislocated bones were now more comfortably treated.

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Antiseptic technology was introduced, which was used to kill or to stop the growth of microbes on the skin. A new technique also surfaced across these times, a triumphed discovery if you may. It was known as subcutaneous ostomy, the technique involves the cutting and dividing by insertions under the skin. This technique made it possible to treat a whole range of diseases and deformed bones.

Internal fixation was also developed. it involved the process of using implanted screws, nails, plates, and wires to hold bone fragments in place.

Along with anesthesia, these techniques and technologies made surgery much more easier and safer.

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Orthopedic corsets and other devices for the treatment of scoliosis, circa 1883.

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First documented X-ray  photography, 1896

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In the 1890's, a new technological advancement was in the works by a German physicist named Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen who improved the ability to diagnose and manage orthopedic conditions ranging from fractures to necrosis.
surgeons were now able to determine the extent of a complicated bone fracture without the manual examination which is so painful to the patient.
Unfortunately, the toxicities of radiation exposure were noted shortly after the popularization of the X-ray so many consequences came with this new 'state of the art' advancement, issues sprouted due to over exposure of radiation, including many of the photographers and radiologists who had helped popularize the technology, developed cancer, suffered amputations, or died.

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Surgical placement of screws in a fractured knee, circa 1921.

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young patient being treated for tuberculosis using a back brace. circa 1930's 

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Since the horrors of the war struck, many soldiers and victims were left injured, deformed and even crippled. in fact, the twentieth century can be considered a major turning point for orthopedics. The need to rehabilitate war-wounded soldiers, the discovery of X-rays, and in the following decades the production of anesthesia and other antibiotics, as well as joint replacement technologies and diagnostic tools, all contributed specifically to the development of orthopedics.

there was also major focus on hip and pelvic bones after observing the elderly with injuries around that area. special nails were invented to hold broken and damaged bone pieces together so that they could be repaired better and more regularly. A few years later, metal devices were invented to replace the femoral head, which forms part of the hip joint, and this part often did not heal after a fracture. Later, the hip joint was completely rebuilt to replace the patients' missing joint.

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In the 1950s Metal on metal hips was first used the 1950s but the results were largely disappointing, and the metal on plastic hips superseded them. However, a small number of patients had remarkable results from their metal on metal hips: these devices survived for more than 40 years in pristine condition.

In 1952 the Walter Reed Hospital Surgical Research Team introduced vascular surgery to further surgery in developing hospitals

at the end of the 60s dr. John Bergfeld in Cleveland clinic started what we call today sports medicine training athletes of all ages from mild to saver injurys.

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The 70s introduced to us a new way to capture images by inventing the MRI machine. MRI machines use superconducting magnets and radio-frequency coils to orient protons, resulting in image production.
in the 80s a doctor who goes by the name Paul Grammont found a new technique called reverse shoulder arthroplasty is used mainly for cuff tear arthroplasty, pseudoparalysis, failed conventional arthroplasty failure, and rotator cuff deficiency conditions in low-functioning elderly patients with deltoid and glenoid bone stock intact.

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The end of the country and a start of a new one brought new ideas to the table like the third-generation Grammont design of the reverse shoulder arthroplasty was released.
At the start of the 21st, the use of robotics for 3-D scans that help in the design of customized joints. these include Zimmer Biomet, Stryker, Smith & Nephew, Mazor Robotics.

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modern medicine has never been the same the use of technology has

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https://watermark.silverchair.com/290191.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAscwggLDBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggK0MIICsAIBADCCAqkGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMg-q1YgOUQmTW45pMAgEQgIICeqiqUvPStF4hBT37t49Y9Ql-cTBf-tb2bxcygrC2Y3fm-jV9WQpchghr7QE1YgUPMjF8uAcOUny7O4IqoW0aEyGj6hjuTWrSHIcBqgwQ7lofmBkr1sF74TkXUnM2fNbFyy6XdGBBXj47TgkVmW8bb-bLPvtrlxBjYPlDbhpFhBT17mOrR8T_W4jLLDiKemJ0ShIyos9tBS4ONfOdsxNowIdu9jjHvDrKi5lA0vvAK5JBXl2zo4Jk-Zkgz5EJDEYE_9kf106cvhZC8H3EytsrfiyS1bdQTYTXx11kdzQUBYeCiBd9gZXZW6pXPYJwLFKed-qPIKuPJtSWBDi3HkfcE8CWwDokryy_HWRmxjPm2Xft3DtnyinvtN-jEoltnn4QW9oSTtVxN_vUaY0lAsBrGhe7AS59-UtIWhU-C_VPXyMwLV7Q7e3vg5Hxs0R3ENb4BYfSW3LGwwNeS3BsQrreSlTd81QTuUCA2OTLbusQ_x4k9DQNyaBVT_vPzobmPm2jQGkgpoBRqf1Ddo-Ef49TlDBMmfnE_8lqePqK6HFoqCXEuqrFP63TARo8Kp1ZWfOBrYtcqbbhJQvllIj2PAhSZCAmo1gngbRn9R9AIIGFehuiGBJavvv_ZIDf4JRJfaaAXuuleUQ1i-iVr8ozDdn5J7hrGntGUD5EoiwJDpHXzMYdtYGU_0k-XKMuN3YtnuCWNvULyE_GZr1sbkhsSqYB_1YzSOVLBadVMWidquu5mlh0qeOieau5Z8mp9vu9QnG8PnsAkTY8EmmKlgKBdY0VIKFv3LLkXAhdWlZyhSRdHVJUFdsVtMofktZxAD7zDKbObZzQWhMvpgTeX5Q

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/491543

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9752455/

https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/ajo04511434e.pdf

https://exhibits.lib.unc.edu/exhibits/show/nyam-theses/orthopedics

https://www.healio.com/news/hematology-oncology/20120325/the-x-ray-providing-a-new-perspective-in-1895
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7894968/
https://aabme.asme.org/posts/innovations-in-orthopedic-devices-and-procedure-improvement-solutions-to-transform-the-industry